Study of the construction techniques, materials and architectural prospectives of ancient monumental structures in Allahabad City, India

¹ Civil Engineering Department, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut - 250005, Uttar Pradesh, India
² Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, Cape Town, 7530, South Africa

^* ambar006@gmail.com

Abstract

This research examines the construction methodologies, materials, and architectural principles employed in creating ancient monumental structures in Allahabad (now Prayagraj), India. Despite being erected over 600 years ago, these structures stand resiliently among the evolution of modern construction techniques and seismic safety standards. The history of Prayagraj can be traced back to ancient times. The city was initially referenced in the ancient Hindu scriptures, known as the Vedas, as a sacred destination. Further, established by the Mughal Empire under Akbar’s reign in 1583, Allahabad City witnessed the construction of numerous monumental structures using robust techniques involving stone, brick masonry, and timber materials bonded together with thin mortar and plaster. Many of these ancient edifices, erected during this period, continue to serve various functions today, reflecting the enduring craftsmanship of their builders. In this study, we have identified prestigious monuments for examination, utilizing visual inspection to gain deeper insights into the emphasized construction materials and techniques. Notably, mortar is a critical component in construction and structural connections. Furthermore, our investigation reveals the diverse range of materials utilized for binding, plastering, painting, and other decorative purposes during construction. However, it is evident that some of these monuments have endured significant wear and tear over time, resulting in major cracks and damage to their structural elements and construction materials. Through this exploration, we aim to unveil the intricate craftsmanship and architectural brilliance that characterize Allahabad’s ancient monumental structures, while also highlighting the preservation challenges posed by ageing and environmental factors.