Enhancing Agricultural Productivity through Smart Farming with IoT

. Technology has greatly advanced the agriculture industry, making it more data-driven and intelligent. The Internet of Things has grown at an exponential rate, causing significant changes in many industries, including agriculture. Such a radical change creates opportunities as well as challenges because it destroys current farming methods. The Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensors' possible uses in agriculture are covered in this article. It also discusses some of the challenges that could occur from integrating this technology with traditional farming methods. The IoT tools and techniques used in agricultural applications are explained in detail. Based on this article, we can determine current IoT trends in agriculture.


Introduction
The phrase "Internet of Things" describes a grouping of networking, software, and hardware components that enable data sharing and communication between objects.Farmers are gaining numerous benefits from putting IoT programs into practice.It has allowed farmers to reduce costs and increase crop yields.[6] One of the primary objectives of the irrigation system is to provide and maintain the ideal growing conditions for crops in terms of temperature and soil moisture.Computers and smartphones can be used by users to access data stored in the cloud.The user can control the water, pumps, and fans in addition to keeping an eye on the crops via the control panel of the user interface.The primary objective of a smart irrigation system is to guarantee that crops are grown under optimal conditions Plants can grow more effectively in climates with the ideal balance of temperature and moisture, which will increase agricultural productivity.With the help of this technology, [3] we will be able to feed more people and produce more work in the future.Many parameters are used to make different predictions for different crops.IoT [2] is revolutionizing agriculture with its innovations and helping farmers overcome obstacles.These problems could be solved by creative applications, which would raise crop yields while improving sustainability and cost-effectiveness.By employing these techniques, the system can improve forecasts by incorporating data from comparable crops or regions.In conclusion, a machine learning-based crop yield prediction system can do much more than just collect information and create models; it can also be incorporated into real-world applications and continuously improve.Select the approach and begin mining the outcomes as soon as you supply the data.The yield rate of the crop can be ascertained by examining the outcomes.We can also run numerous tests by looking through the datasets.You can select the entire file at once and analyze it with accuracy.(Figure1) We need a specific data management architecture as a reference for research in this field because new technologies are emerging in agriculture and there is a lot of research being done in this area.Additionally, maintaining the integrity of the data is crucial, so it should be properly managed and taken into account when conducting agricultural [1] research.Data is gathered using database management software, which is a more secure method of data collection than file-based systems.The main idea behind the Internet of Things is to link various electronic sensors together using a system, then gather data from these sensors that can be retrieved in any way.This data can then be transferred to any cloud software application so that an operator can analyze and process it.Through the cloud software, the operator can use the data to alert people by sending them an SMS or sending them an email signal for example.Cloud software stores a ton of information about crop patterns, soil composition, and weather conditions in order to quickly and accurately derive insights about a given area.It is also possible to access or review this stored data years later.Prior to offering the best requirements or necessities for a farm, the data is carefully examined.

Implementation of The System
Smart farming technology includes wireless sensors placed in the fields to monitor moisture levels and other parameters, as well as GPS-equipped vehicles.Farmers are assisted by robots that water, plant, harvest, and fertilize.Acoustic sensors are used to distinguish between different varieties of seeds and to monitor and control pests.

DATA BASE
Every piece of crop data is safely stored in a database, which users can access as needed.Updates from the field are obtained through cellular communication; the user's ability to receive them depends on a number of factors, including bandwidth.This type of communication is inexpensive; however, small farmers may find it expensive to use satellites for data transmission.

ZIGBEE
It is used for communication in close quarters.Depending on the applications, network topologies like star are used.Depending on how far the user is from the farm, either Bluetooth or GSM can be used.

BLUETOOTH
The wireless communication works within a more constrained range between devices.It is the most favored option to use because of its advantages, which include low cost and low power consumption.Data such as various parameter readings can be communicated by it.Unlike WIFI, which needs a LAN connection to function, it is compatible with any smart phone.However, because WIFI is user-friendly and many devices are connected, it can be used on large farms.The amount of farmland determines how much technology changes [7].

Hardware Requirements THE ARDUINO UNO
An ATmega328-compatible microcontroller card is the Arduino Uno.The Arduino Uno has integrated sensors.The Arduino Uno receives information about the surrounding environment from these sensors.In order to notify farmers about sensor readings and required actions, Arduino Uno uses cloud computing to make the appropriate decisions and take the appropriate actions.Additionally, use GSM to send them a message.(Figure 2)

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR
It is employed to gauge both humidity and temperature.The functionality and performance metrics of this system are shown.In the event that the threshold is crossed, the LED will begin to flash, and the farmer will be able to view the values instantly on the website.(Figure 4)

OPTICAL SENSORS
Optical sensors measure the organic materials in soil, moisture, minerals, color, composition, and other factors using a phenomenon known as light reflectance.These sensors measure different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, which determines how well soil reflects light.Changes in the way waves reflect off the soil can reveal variations in its density.(Figure5)

ADVANCED PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE
Crop production was previously increased by taking into account factors such as the quality of the seed and fertilizers.However, the demand cannot be met by these traditional methods alone.Genetically modified and bioengineered foods are among the alternatives that scientists have proposed.These foods are created by introducing changes into their DNA through the use of genetic engineering techniques.Because people prefer organic food, very few technologies are adopted by the general public.Studies on the application of IoT [2] and other technologies to boost traditional agricultural [1].practices have been carried out for many years.New technologies have a critical role to play in advancing urban farming.

GREENHOUSE FARMING
It is regarded as one of the smart agriculture techniques.But cultivating crops [6] in a controlled environment is not a novel concept-it dates back to the 1800s.However, nations that see significant fluctuations in their climate tend to employ this type of configuration.Nowadays, crops grown indoors are not greatly impacted by a variety of environmental factors, and any kind of crop can be grown.These days, communication depends on the support of sensors and other devices.The production of crops can be influenced by a number of factors, including wind control, monitoring, and ventilation systems.The primary responsibility in contemporary greenhouse farming is environmental monitoring.Where the various measurement points that regulatethe indoor climate need to be checked.

VERTICAL FARMING
More farming land is required to meet the rising demand for food.However, a great deal of land loss is brought on by pollution and soil erosion.Soil quality has suffered as a result of industrial farming practices used in recent years.In light of the issues with arable land, food production would suffer greatly in the near future.Fresh water is needed for farming, which puts more strain on the extremely scarce water reservoirs.Vertical farming can help with these difficulties.Crops [6]grown in controlled environments are more likely to be grown using this type of cultivation in urban agriculture.This type of farming allows us to conserve resources.Important parameters in this type of farming are We use non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors to measure carbon dioxide in order to control the climate in vertical farming.Gasbox sensors are used to ensure the best possible growth for plants by activating specific conditions.Pseudo dual beam NDIR measurement is used for stability improvement and optical complexity reduction.At every point in the IoTconnected farm [2], you can observe the growth of the crops without having to touch them with your hands.Mint controls are used to handle waste and sensor problems in a range of vertical farming applications.

Result
The expérimental results show how well this integrated approach provides accurate and current insights into air quality.They also show how using IoT technology [3] to implement an air pollution monitoring system has produced impressive results.The system demonstrated that it could use a network of sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud-based platforms to monitor particulate matter, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other significant pollutants.The Internet of Things architecture enabled robust data collection, transmission, and storage, providing a strong foundation for in-depth air quality analysis.The effective integration and calibration of the project's sensors, which guaranteed the precision of pollutant concentration measurements, was one of its noteworthy accomplishments.The system provided a comprehensive understanding of the state of the air by demonstrating sensitivity to various pollutants.

Conclusion
The population growth of today has led to an increase in the demand for food, so farming practices are crucial to meeting this demand.It's critical to concentrate on more intelligent and effective farming methods.Thanks to advancements in agricultural [1].practices, young people are increasingly gravitating toward and selecting agriculture as a career.With the use of mobile devices and the internet, they can access information more easily and monitor crops thanks to technologies like the Internet of Things.Taking these things into account, this paper emphasizes how important it is for technologies-particularly the Internet of Things-to make farming smarter in order to meet future expectations.As was previously mentioned, we use Bluetooth, cloud, wireless sensors, and other devices.The effectiveness of various farming techniques in conserving resources is discussed.In conclusion, IoT technology [3] is required for better cultivation and less resource waste, and farm land monitoring is crucial.

Future Scope
The system's suggested architecture will assist in real-time air quality analysis for the specific area and assist the authorities in obtaining precise data for appropriate action.