Analysis of The Causes And Crisis of Global Warming

. The problem of global warming has become more and more serve recently. People around the world start to be affected by the result of this problem. Global warming affects the environment by causing different disasters, taking up the habitat that available to organisms, and making the environment too harsh to support organisms’ survival. Global warming impact human being by reducing the food production and resources so that increases the competition. In addition, the disasters induced by this problem also harm people. In order to come out the solution to fix the problem, it should focus on the causes of global warming. The intensive greenhouse effect is the main cause of the global warming. Moreover, the swelling sun, and resultant stronger solar radiation, and several positive feedback loops also contribute to form the global warming problem. In this case, people came out different solutions from four different aspects: policy, biological, geological, and chemical aspect


Introduction
The recent extremely high temperature around the world makes people pay their attention to global warming issue again.The global average temperature has increased by three to five degrees from the period before the industrialization until nowadays.This impacts all the creatures, including both human and other species of animals or vegetation, on the earth.
The sea level raised as a result of global warming and resultant ice melting.This is severe because it submerges abundant of coastal area so that are no longer available to people or other species to establish the cities or dwelling sites.The biodiversity decreased as a result of the increased competition for the diminishing resources induced by this process.While the temperature increases from year to year, the amount of carbon dioxide that dissolved into the sea water increases as well.The dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with the water so that forms acidic substances, which bleach the carol reefs so that take up the place marine organism dwell.Release abundant of hydrogen ion into the water, the global warming makes the sea water more acidic than it used to be so that makes aquatic organisms harder to survive than they used to be.Moreover, the increased temperature reduces the amount of oxygen that dissolved in the sea water but increases the rate of aquatic organisms' metabolism.This controversy effect makes the species in the sea harder to survive because the they generally need more oxygen in this case.In addition, the range that available to some aquatic species decreases as the temperature of sea water increases induced by the global warming, because they have already adapted into the relatively cold water [1].All of the aforementioned effects reduce the level of biodiversity in coastal area dramatically.
For the continent environment, the global warming effect has several severe impacts as well.While the global average temperature increases relentlessly, the evaporation rate increases around the world as well.As a result of that, the general rainfall has augmented, which makes the intensive storm more frequent in recent decades.The intensive storms affect human's daily life in the first place.In the second place, these storms increase the amount of runoff so that add more sediment into the water and result in a lower the water quality.This reduces the amount of habitat available for the aquatic organisms so that reduces the overall productivity and the biodiversity within the aquatic ecosystem [1].Expose to the extremely high temperature thanks to the global warming, the foliage of the trees in the forests is more prone to inflame, which result in the intensive wildfire.Furthermore, the drought that resulted by the global warming makes animals and plants harder to obtain the resources in order to sustain their survival so that decreases the biodiversity and induces the wildfire [2].Wildfire is a powerful and severe disaster which impacts every species within an area.The wildfire that occur in Australia in September 2019 had taken up more than 5.8 million hectares of forest [3] and killed abundant of wildlife, vegetation, and human beings.
The global warming also affects human beings themselves badly.The warmer temperature condition makes the range of the location that hospitable to the disease vectors, like insect, wider.In other words, it spreads the disease from tropical areas to nontropical areas.This makes more and more people apt to be infected by these diseases so that increases the risk of their health.Besides, the global warming impacts the economy growth in many ways.For example, the drought that brought by the global warming reduces human's availability of the freshwater.As a result, the food production decreases dramatically during recent years [2,4].This is crucial for people, especially the people in developing country, because it increases the amount of the population that might facing the problem of famine annually so that hurt the global economic growth and might causes the instability of some countries.In some cases, the scarcity of the resources thanks to the global warming will probably cause the war.
It is so obvious that all of the people on the Earth, including you and me, will eventually be affected by the global warming some day in the future.People need to make some changes.In order to mitigate the aforementioned impacts that brought by the global warming effect, we need to focus on the causes of this problem.

Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect holds the majority of the responsibility of causing the global warming.Receives the energy, the Earth absorbs the ultraviolet light which ejected by the sun.During this process, some of the energy is reflected by the ground of the Earth in the form of infrared light.The Greenhouse effect occurs at this point.The greenhouse gases, which is the major cause of the greenhouse effect, absorb the infrared light emitted by the Earth and reflect it back to the ground level so that heat up the Earth.In other words, they act like a blanket covering the Earth.The greenhouse effect is not a bad phenomenon initially.In some level, we can say, it is the greenhouse effect which enable life to sustain [5].For example, the volcanoes in the early stage of the Earth released carbon dioxide, one of the greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere.Caused the greenhouse effect, the carbon dioxide made the Earth hotter than it used to be so that provided hospitable habitats for the early life on the Earth [6].However, the intensive level of greenhouse effect contributes to the formation of global warming nowadays which leads the ecosystem to vary and harms organisms on the Earth.
The aforesaid information has indicated that greenhouse gases are the prerequisite of the whole greenhouse effect process.Some gases in the atmosphere are able to reflect the infrared light, which is the process of greenhouse effect.This ability makes these gases unique among other gases that exist on the Earth and becoming the greenhouse gas.
The special chemical structure enables these gases to absorb and reflect the infrared light.All of the greenhouse gases contain more than two atoms in their chemical structure and are non-polar molecules.According to the formula of the molecule's degree of freedom, 3*number of atoms-5, the greenhouse gases got more than 1 as the numeric value of their degree of freedom, which means that they can be stretched or vibrate more than one way.The energy that brought by the infrared light from the Earth is large enough to vibrate the gaseous molecules.As a result, the dipole moment of the molecules of these gases change when they vibrate into different ways so that enable them to absorb the infrared light.Vibrate in the atmosphere, the tremendous amount of greenhouse gases absorbs enormous energy.This energy heats up the whole troposphere, and the greenhouse effect occur.
The previous paragraph indicates that several types of greenhouse gas exist in the natural world, but only five of them are abundance enough to be defined as the major greenhouse gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and CFCs.The sequence of the arrangement is based on their greenhouse warming potential (GWP), their ability to cause greenhouse effect.Water vapor got the lowest GWP value, and CFCs got the highest.Although water vapor got the weakest ability to warm up the atmosphere, it is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere [7,8], as shown in Fig. 1.Water vapor is not only crucial in the greenhouse effect, but also a key factor in determine the whole climate pattern within an area, nearly 99% of the water vapor is located in the troposphere where all the weathers occur [7].Water vapor exist in the world naturally, which makes people hard to control its amount.Besides, several natural factors determine the amount of the water vapor in the atmosphere.One of these crucial factors is the temperature.The rate of water evaporation rate increases as the temperature increases, which releases more water vapor into the Earth atmosphere.A study shows that the water vapor reaches its peak concentration in tropical area where got the highest temperature throughout the world thanks to the direct solar radiation and reaches its minimum amount in the polar areas where the temperature is extremely low [7].In this case, a positive loop comes out.As the global temperature rises up annually due to the global warming, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases either, which reinforces the intensity of global warming.As a result, the further augmentation in the amount of water vapor followed by which increases the intensity again.This makes the global warming sophisticated and rebellious.
, 03018 (2023) Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas in our daily life.People learn it and produce it every day.It is also one of the gases that people could manage to somehow mitigate the impact of the global warming.Carbon dioxide exists naturally as water vapor does.After creatures on the Earth produce the gases through respiration process, vegetation absorbs part of the carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, and the remaining gases contribute to the greenhouse effect so that reach a balance.However, people eject extra carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels to generate energy, which surpass the capacity that vegetation could manage.More and more carbon dioxide is not able to be absorbed and forced to pervade in the atmosphere as people keep burning fossil fuels and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.As a result, the larger amount of carbon dioxide causes a more intensive greenhouse effect, which eventually induces the global warming.
Methane absorbs more infrared light than carbon dioxide does.It is an organic substance which spread rapidly.A large part of the methane generated through bacteria's anaerobic respiration process, which means the whole process should occur in the place that lack of oxygen.Landfills release abundant of methane through the bacteria in the trash.Besides, animals release methane as well.The bacteria in their stomach generate methane when digesting food, and, then, animals eject these gasses into the atmosphere.Moreover, people extract natural gas when exploiting petroleum.Although natural gas contains several different types of gases, methane is most abundant among all the component of the natural gas.Thus, the leaked natural gas also releases methane and contributes to the global warming.Furthermore, the permafrost melts as the average global temperature increases, which also provide the condition to the bacteria to generate methane so that reinforces the global warming and forms another positive feedback loop.
Nitrous oxide is relative less abundant, only 6% of the aggregate greenhouse gas emission, than the aforementioned three gases do, but definitely more powerful than they do in heating up the Earth, 300 carbon dioxide molecules do the same job as one nitrous oxide do [8].This makes us to consider it when talking greenhouse effect.The main source of the nitrous oxide is the use of nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture field.After lending the nitrogen fertilizer into the field, the nitrogen element will be converted from ammonia to NH4 ion.Be absorbed and endure the nitrification process, they finally become NO3 ion.In the denitrification process, nitrous oxide form during the reaction of NO3 ion to nitrogen so that contributes to greenhouse effect.Although the whole process exists naturally, the extra element from the utilization of synthesis fertilizer releases additional nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and breaks the balance of this limiting element, the element that is relatively rare in the environment and is required by vegetation but could cause several problems when the amount is too enormous.In addition, the use of synthesis fertilizer brings other problems like eutrophication, which is also the result of human breaking the balance of element.Besides, tobaccos are able to emit nitrous oxide directly [9].Some plants are able to convert nitrogen oxide to nitrous oxide as well [9], and one of the sources of nitrogen oxide is burning petroleum for transportation or electricity, which enlarges the impact of fossil fuel on global warming.
The last major greenhouse gas, chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), is the rarest greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, only 2% of the total greenhouse gas [9], but is the worst one.Its GWP has 13,000 as its numeric value, which means that one molecule of CFCs heats up the atmosphere at the same level as 13,000 of carbon dioxide do.CFCs do not exist in the nature world initially in the most cases.Human's refrigeration system is the major source of the CFCs.As a result, the increased using of air conditioner thanks to the higher global temperature will definitely form a positive feedback loop either, which makes the climate change worse.Moreover, the previous sentences expressed CFCs as the worst greenhouse gas because it harms the environment in ways other than causing greenhouse effect and reinforce global warming.They react with ozone in the stratosphere and cause ozone depletion, which makes more ultraviolet light able to receive by the Earth so that might reinforce the global warming [10].
Although the global warming is a sophisticated process, like a result of the cooperation of several different factors, the greenhouse effect which reinforced by human beings always been attributed as the major cause of the global warming.That is because the humaninduced greenhouse effect is the only difference between the environment nowadays and that in the previous periods while the extreme temperature augmentation occurs during the recent four hundred years span [11].This is the reason why we should really focus on the greenhouse effect priory when considering the global warming.

Other Factors
The information in the previous part has mentioned that the global warming is the result of the combination, or cooperation, of several different factors, and the greenhouse effect is the major factor that heats up the atmosphere as the global mean temperature grows exponentially after the industrialization, when people started to emit abundant of greenhouse gas so that reinforce the greenhouse effect [11].Still, as climate had changed several times before human [12], the factors other than anthropogenic greenhouse effect occur simultaneously and might contribute to the global warming as well.
The sun nowadays gets bigger, nearly three times as it was, nowadays, and the level of ultraviolet light that emitted by the sun increases as well [13].These factors result in the more intensive infrared light that released by the Earth and so as that reflected by the greenhouse gases.This means that the greenhouse effect is getting more intensive than that of the ancient time.As a result, the global mean temperature increases during a longtime span, even before the industrialization.Besides, the ozone depletion also contributes to the global warming , 03018 (2023) [14].That is because ozone is the gas that is able to absorb the ultraviolet light.As the amount of ozone in the stratosphere decreases dramatically thanks to the production of CFCs, the intensity of ultraviolet light received by the Earth increases dramatically as well, so that increases the global average temperature.
Ice and snow have a very high albedo, which means that they do well in reflecting the light the shined by the sun.As they reflecting more amount of sunshine, the amount of ultraviolet light arrives the Earth from the sun decreases, so that the intensity of the infrared light released by the Earth decreases as well.Meanwhile, the amount of iceberg, glacier, and snow decreased dramatically in the recent years as they melted in the high temperature.The intensity of the infrared light reflected by the Earth increases as a result of that, which causes the greenhouse gases to reflect more energy so that heat up the Earth again.
The more and more frequent wildfires form positive feedback loops as well.They reinforce the global warming problem by consuming more oxygen and releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.Moreover, inflaming itself releasing heat, which also contributes to heat up the Earth.
Several positive feedback loops, like that discussed in the previous paragraph, play a role in the global warming process.This positive feedback loops act like a chain reaction which will not terminate until the substances meet the element that could react with themselves.The global warming become untameable because of that.
Despite that, several negative feedback loops occur simultaneously.For example, the increases in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere thanks to the increased global mean temperature causes more clouds to form so that increases the albedo and somehow mitigate the impact of global warming; the increased concentration of carbon dioxide promotes vegetation's photosynthesis so that encourage more plants to grow, which absorb more carbon dioxide and mitigate the impact of global warming; and the increased sea level induced by the global warming absorbs more greenhouse gas.However, the reason why these negative feedback loops have not mitigated the global warming effectively is that several factors limit these loops as well, which contribute to the complexity of this environmental problems.For instance, the aforementioned vegetation negative feedback loop is limited by the amount of resources, such as nutrient and water, the able to support plants' growth in the soil.

Conclusion
The paragraphs in the previous section have indicated that the global warming is the result of the cooperation of several different factors.In the spite of that, greenhouse effect, especially the anthropogenic resulted greenhouse effect, still play a significant role among these factors.As a result, focusing upon solving the intensive greenhouse effect helps us to come out the idea in order to save the planet as well as human themselves because neither the feedback loops nor the solar radiation can be controlled by human beings.Although people have figured out several alternative fuels to reduce the amount of fossil fuel burned and the greenhouse gases emission, nearly all of these fuels need fossil fuels' cooperation in order to enhance their efficiency.However, solutions other than alternative fossil fuels could reach the target of reducing the strength greenhouse effect.These solutions can be divided into four different aspects: policies, biological, geological, and chemical.Policies to mitigate the impact of global warming have already existed.Some of them standardize the amount of greenhouse gases emission, and others stipulate the temperature that increased.The biological methods refer to retrieve the agriculture land and replenish the forest upon these areas.Despite it might reduce the food production, it somehow mitigates the impact.Moreover, the geological aspect.This refers to the carbon capture and storage (CCS), which aims to store the carbon dioxide underground.Several different methods to reduce the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can be attributed as chemical method.For example, using CaO to react with carbon dioxide to form CaCO3, using lithium compounds which absorb carbon dioxide in low temperature and release them in heat conditions, and membrane separation which aims to separate carbon dioxide from other gases at high concentration by using polymeric membranes and molecular sieves.Furthermore, several other solutions to reduce the greenhouse gas exist either.For example, removing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, to convert the carbon dioxide from its gaseous state into solid state.This enable people to store these solid and use them when people need to.