Classification and Application Research of Lithium Electronic Batteries

. In recent years, the damaging effects of burning fossil fuels on the environment and petrol has started to decline, the demand for sustainable energy has risen sharply, and lithium electronic batteries have become a hot spot today due to their high specific capacity, high self-discharge rate, long life and high safety performance. Since lithium metal is an active metal, its preparation and preservation have high requirements on the environment. This paper discusses the development history, working principle, classification and practical application of lithium electronic batteries in real life. The two types of lithium batteries are called lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries, respectively. The battery of lithium electronic battery is composed of positive electrode, diaphragm, organic electrolyte, battery shell and negative electrode. Rechargeable battery is also called "lithium ion". Its working principle is to cycle lithium ion back and forth between positive and negative electrodes, and to add and reuse lithium ion alternately and continuously between positive and negative electrodes during charge and discharge. There are basically three categories of lithium-ion battery electrolyte: liquid, solid and molten salt. At present, lithium iron phosphate or frequently used nickel-manganese-cobalt ternary materials are employed as the cathode of standard goods., and negative electrode is mainly graphite and other carbon materials. A better study could result from a deeper understanding of lithium-ion batteries, providing a wealth of theoretical knowledge for in-depth research


Introduction
In recent years, as fossil fuels have become scarcer and the bad impact of gasoline combustion on the environment, the demand for the sustainable energy has risen sharply, and lithium electronic batteries have become a hot spot today because of their high specific capacity, high self-discharge rate, long life and high safety performance.Since lithium metal is an active metal, its preparation and preservation have high requirements on the environment.
Power tools, electric bikes, electric motorbikes, electric cars, military equipment, aviation, and aerospace all employ lithium electronic batteries, etc.Take the automotive field as an example: Tesla, BYD, Changan and other brands all apply lithium batteries as energy materials.Although lithium electronic batteries have some merits, there are still many downsides that need to be improved, such as: cell material problems, production process problems, high positive and negative electrode compaction problem and excessive moisture problems, as well as easy to leak and explosive safety risks.The risk will be reduced by no longer using liquid electrolyte, and solid state batteries have a very high energy density to meet the range requirements.Suitable electrolyte needs to meet the characteristics of good electrochemical stability, high lithium ion conductivity, wide range of liquid temperature, etc.While improving the safety performance of lithium batteries can also improve their operational efficiency, the secondary battery system represented by lithium batteries has become the power source of many small portable electronic devices, greatly promoting the popularity of electronic devices.Understanding the structure and operation of lithium-ion batteries will encourage more research into such batteries.Among them, lithium-ion batteries based on metal lithium can be divided into two types because of their special chemical structure, one is based on lithium, the other is based on lithium; lithium-ion batteries have high specific energy and low self-cleaning efficiency.The Li-ion battery is the secondary Li-ion battery, the main cathode is inorganic transition metal oxide, the negative electrode is graphite, and it extremely high discharge efficiency performance and can be used for a long time cycle is its cost is much lower than the lithium primary battery that is the primary battery [1].Different types of lithium-ion battery electrolyte materials have different properties, on the one hand, as a battery diaphragm, it can effectively inhibit the growth of dendrites to prevent side effects, on the other hand, it can replace the traditional liquid electrolyte and promote rapid ion migration [2].
Lithium batteries commonly used cathode materials are lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate and lithium iron phosphate and ternary materials, commonly used cathode materials include carbon materials, silicon-based materials and so on.Lithium-ion batteries that are both liquid and entirely solid-state are available when lithium metal serves as the negative electrode, these two types of batteries become lithium batteries.The reaction formula for both types is shown in equation ( 1)- (3).
Negative: xLi + +xe -↔xLi (2) This paper analyses the development process and working principle of lithium-ion and analyses the types of materials currently used for lithium-ion batteries.In addition, the applications of lithium-ion batteries in automotive, aerospace and communications engineering are examined.

Lithium electronic battery 2.1 Development history of lithium electronic batteries
Lithium batteries are of two types: Lithium-metal and Lithium-ion.Among them, no metallic lithium in lithium-ion batteries.Lithium batteries are a class of bateries whose positive and negative etlectrode materials are lithium alloy or lithium metal and use a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.The first lithium salt using potassium titanate and lithium salt was made by ExxonMobil in the 1970s.In the 1980s, scientists discovered that there were more materials that could be used as negative and positive electrode materials, and J. Goodenough discovered that lithium cobaltate and manganese intergranite could also be used as a material for the positive electrode in lithium-ion batteries, and in the years that followed, scientists developed the first lithium-ion graphite batteries and used anion-polymer cathodes to excite high voltages.In 1996, Padhi and J. Goodenough discovered the superiority of olivine structured phosphate represented by lithium iron phosphate over traditional cathode materials, and its high stability and high efficiency made it rapidly popular in the market.2018 Koda Institute of Coal Chemistry car range exceeded 600 km kilometers, and the main component of its highcapacity, high-density lithium battery is pure carbon.
Today, China's lithium-ion battery industry has achieved a stable situation of high growth.The development history of lithium batteries is shown in Fig. 1.

Working principle of lithium electronic battery
Different devices make different demands on the battery, so it is important to understand how the battery works, and to know how it works.A positive electrode, a membrane, a negative electrode, an organic electrolyte, and a cell case make up a lithium electronic battery cell.The diaphragm is usually a polyethylene or polypropylene film that electrically separates the two electrodes, but allows lithium ions to pass through.
Each cell works on the same principle, ions move through the electrolyte material from anode to cathode and back.Lithium-ion battery is a kind of battery that can be used for secondary use, and its function largely depends on the reciprocating movement of lithium ion between electrode and electrode.During charge and discharge, the positive and negative electrodes between the positive and negative electrodes are alternately carried out.During charge and discharge, the lithium ion migrates from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, and then the negative electrode is added to the electrolyte, which makes the negative electrode show a lithium-rich state.The working principle of the charger is: under the action of the charger, the electrolyte transfers lithium ions from the negative to the positive.Kinetic equation of charge / discharge of secondary battery (4).The principle is shown in Fig. 2

Organic liquid electrolytes
As a key component of the battery, the role of the electrolyte in the transport of ions is important and conducting current between the positive and negative poles.Three general categories can be used to categorize the electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries: liquid, solid and molten salt.
Electrolyte is usually prepared from a high purity organic solution, the lithium salt of the electrolyte, and the necessary additives and other raw materials, which are blended in a certain ratio under certain conditions, and its main components are vinyl carbonate, propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate, etc.However, the disadvantage of the organic liquid electrolyte is also very significant: its conductivity is much lower than the best aqueous electrolyte, and to compensate for the defect of conductivity, it can only be compensated in terms of volume and shape.Secondly, the carbon negative electrode reacts with the electrolyte to form a passivated film on the electrode surface, which causes energy loss and thus voltage hysteresis.In addition, the organic electrolyte is flammable and poses a great safety hazard.

Solid electrolytes
Solid-state electrolytes are one of the commonly used electrolytes that have the advantage of good flexibility and a large contact area with the lithium metal of the cathode [4].Nanosilicon and graphite can be used as anode material for solid state batterie, while lithium manganate, lithium-rich manganese-based materials or lithium-free materials can be used as positive electrodes with energy densities as high as 300 to 450 watt-hours per kilogram.Solid-state electrolytes have a tighter internal structure, smaller size, increased energy density, higher conductivity, and longer life without corrosion problems.Solid electrolytes are separated into three primary kinds:solid sulfide electrolytes , solid oxide electrolytes and polymer electrolytes.The main oxide solid electrolytes are chalcogenide structure, antichalcogenide structure, NA-SICON structure, LISICON structure, garnet type structure, etc.Compared to oxygen, sulfur has larger radius, smaller electronegativity, lower binding energy with Li ions, which helps to obtain high ionic conductivity [5].Compared to oxide solid electrolytes, sulfur solid electrolytes have a better ionic conductivity [6].Currently, the most common used polymeric solid electrolyte substrates contain polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyethylene oxide (PEO), aromatic polycarbonates (APCs), and polyacrylates (PAs).The solid state electrolytes are shown in Fig. 3 [7].https://www.anl.gov/article/scientists-discover-newelectrolyte-for-solidstate-lithiumion-batteries

Molten salt electrolytes
Molten salts are fused bodies composed of metal cations and non-metal anions.The main types of molten salts are salts melted at room temperature, that is, ionic liquids at room temperature and salts fused at high temperature these are mainly ionic liquids at ambient temperature and molten salts at high temperatures ionic liquids at normal temperature and molten salt at a high temperature.As it is non-volatile non-volatile, non-flammable high thermal and electrochemical stability safety and wide range of fluids and wide range of fluids.Therefore, it could be regarded as a lithium-ion battery electrolyte.The common molten salts are LiBF4, LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4.

Positive and negative electrode materials
At present, the mainstream products' positive electrode is a ternary nickel-manganese-cobalt material or LFP(LiFePO4) and the negative electrode is mainly graphite and other carbon materials.The advantages of lithium-ion batteries include their high energy density and lack of memory effect, fast charging and discharging, fast response speed, etc.It is extensively utilized in wind power, solar, and other new energy generating and side distribution and storage and user-side energy storage projects commercial lithium-ion batteries mainly use lithium cobaltate as the cathode material, but when charging over 4.2 eV, lithium cobaltate will change its structure, and its actual capacity is only 50% of the theoretical capacity [8].
Lithium metal has been used in secondary batteries since the early 1970s.However, lithium-ion secondary batteries have been facing serious problems in practical applications for decades.For decades, the batteries have faced serious problems in practical applications due to changes in lithium metal volume during deposition or degradation cycles.It causes cracks at the solid electrolyte interface, which reduces the cycling efficiency.In addition, non-uniform local current density distribution leads to lithium dendrite growth, degrading the interface and leading to dead electrolytes.However, so far, the dendritic growth of lithium metal (dendrites) during cyclic charging and discharging makes lithiumion batteries dangerous, a problem that has never been fully solved.The conduction of electrolyte occurs, leading to safety hazards such as short circuits [9].The growth of lithium dendrites can not only perforate the membrane and cause short circuits, or possibly short circuits in the cell, but can also lead to safety issues such as rapid heat buildup leading to fires and explosions when high currents are passed through the cell.Dead lithium, or electronically isolated lithium.Dead lithium is not electrochemically active in the battery, resulting in a rapid reduction in battery capacity and a key reduction in the cycle life of the lithium metal cathode.
Store in a well-ventilated, dry place i.e. 5-25°C, humidity less than 75%, away from fire and heat source

Storage method s
, 03008 (2023) especially do not store in open places or under direct sunlight.Make sure that positive and negative battery contacts are insulated and protected against short circuit.
The current storage methods are normal environment, low temperature environment, and dry and cold environment.Storage in normal environment, lithiumion batteries can be stored at room temperature for a long time without loss of capacity.Low temperature storage is to store lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, such as in a refrigerator, to slow down their natural aging and extend their service life.To store a partially charged battery, the lithium-ion battery should be charged to approximately 50%.Then stored at low temperatures, this slows their natural aging process and prevents damage from overcharging and over discharging.Deep charge storage.If batteries need to be stored for more than a month, they are usually discharged to about 20% and then stored. in a dry and cold environment to slow down the natural aging.
At present, there is a statement is now widely circulated is that lithium battery-powered cars are the bright future of the automotive industry.in November 2020, BYD launched BYD "Blade Battery", a lithium iron phosphate battery with 9% higher energy density, almost equivalent to the 811 ternary lithium battery.Lithium iron phosphate technology is now almost mature.Its unique maturity, its safety, reliability, environmental protection, high energy density, long duty cycle and other advantages, has been widely used in the automotive industry.Lithium iron phosphate technology is now very mature, and it is now widely used in the automotive industry because of its safety, reliability, environmental protection, high energy efficiency and low energy consumption  As the performance of lithium batteries has improved significantly, their applications have expanded from civil to aerospace.Today, Lithium-ion batteries play a key role in aviation, supporting aircraft launch, calibration and ground operations, while helping to improve main battery efficiency and support night operations.More than a dozen spacecraft have already adopted lithium-ion batteries as a power source for energy storage.Lithium batteries can meet the power needs of small, short-range aircraft and can also be used as an energy source for electric vertical take off and landing aircraft.Lead-acid and iron-phosphate battery "replacement wave" is related to the new modernization requirements for the extension of the communication energy storage field.And practitioners in the lithium battery industry added that one of the reasons for the "replacement tide" is price.Price is the primary consideration of enterprises, and the price cost of lead-acid batteries is lower and more easily accepted by enterprises.However, the price of lithium batteries has fallen significantly in recent years, and many companies have begun to prefer lithium iron phosphate batteries.In the field of communication engineering, the proportion of ternary lithium batteries is not obvious, lithium iron phosphate batteries are more dominant.
Lithium batteries play an irreplaceable role in automotive, communication engineering, aerospace and other fields, and are favored by major companies because of their high energy density, long life and controllable cost.The theoretical basics of lithium batteries in research are discussed throughout the paper, including the development history, working principles, classification methods and real-life applications.There are three categories of electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries: liquid, solid, and molten salts.Solid electrolyte is one of the commonly used electrolytes, which has the advantages of good flexibility and large contact area with lithium metal cathode, and molten salt is a molte At present, commonly utilized mainstream products include lithium iron phosphate and nickel-manganesecobalt ternary compounds for positive electrodes, the negative electrode is mostly graphite and other carbon materials.The benefits of lithium-ion batteries are their high energy density, lack of memory effect, quick charging and discharging, and quick response, etc. Widely used in wind power photovoltaic and other lithium batteries as environmentally friendly energy, the future of lithium batteries will become a pillar of transportation, communication and other industries, and improving the safety performance of lithium batteries will open up a larger market.This work provides an abundant theoretical basis for this study of lithium battery performance and provides basic knowledge for the study of such environmentally friendly energy sources.

4 . 1 4
Lithium electronic battery applicationCars .The negative electrode of a Li-ion battery is usually graphite, and the material of the positive electrode currently has the most influence on the battery characteristics.Take Tesla, the leading brand in the tram industry, for example, the earliest cathode used is lithium cobaltate, which was later replaced with ternary lithium batteries.Ternary lithium batteries are more resistant to low temperatures compared with the previous traditional batteries, and higher energy density, lighter weight and longer range.Lithium batteries for vehicles are shown in Fig.4[10].
require frequent maintenance, are not environmentally friendly, and have other drawbacks.On the other hand, 5G base stations consume more power and are vulnerable to miniaturization and lightweighting, so higher energy density storage systems are needed.