Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis of New Batteries

. New batteries are the mainstream of battery development, and many industries cannot live without new batteries. Most of the new batteries do not pollute the environment and exceed traditional batteries in terms of energy efficiency and charge and discharge times. This paper mainly introduces solid battery, metal battery, sodium ion battery, lithium sulfur battery, fuel cell and nickel-metal hydride battery. In addition, the new battery is compared with the traditional batteries represented by lead-acid batteries, zinc-manganese batteries, zinc-air batteries, zinc-silver batteries, zinc-mercury batteries and Mg-manganese batteries, so as to analyze that the new battery has higher energy under the same volume, and the service life of the new battery is far longer than that of the traditional battery while charging and discharging more times. And in the production and use or waste treatment process will not produce a large number of heavy metals or harmful gases harmful to the human body or the environment, more friendly to the human body and the environment. However, the new battery also inevitably has many shortcomings, most of the new battery production and processing cost is high, raw material acquisition difficulty is high, waste utilization rate is low, manufacturing difficulty is high, the process flow line is complex, and so on, and in the study of the new battery in electric vehicles, aerospace, solar panels and daily life after the application of the new battery speculated that the future development prospects of the new battery is very broad. Although there are many problems with new batteries that can not be solved, the future will slowly replace the status of traditional batteries, and finally understand that new batteries will have a positive effect on the development of human beings.


Introduction
With the progress of society, all aspects of human life need the support of electricity, there are many ways of power generation, some power generation methods are more environmentally friendly, but the other part will be unfriendly to the environment, the most important is thermal power generation, and thermal power generation needs a lot of coal and oil, this power generation will produce a lot of harmful gases and pollution, causing great damage to the environment.Not only thermal power generation, but also many traditional batteries also have the problem of great pollution to the environment, such traditional batteries will not only produce great pollution to the environment, but also contain a large number of heavy metals, which is also a great harm to the human body, so new batteries gradually enter people's vision, people spend a lot of manpower and material resources to study new batteries.Thus, a large number of new batteries have been developed, such as solid-state batteries, metal batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and fuel cells.Most of them are less polluting to the environment, and charge and discharge times, large capacity, have an irreplaceable role in various fields, and traditional batteries, including lead-acid batteries, most of the process is mature, the cost is small but the service life is short, production and waste treatment will have a certain pollution to the environment [1].
Before this paper, many papers discussed the advantages and disadvantages of a certain battery in depth without analyzing other batteries, which is a onesided discussion.Therefore, this paper selected some representative new batteries for introduction, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of new batteries and traditional batteries, and compared these new batteries with traditional batteries.The advantages and disadvantages of the new battery and the traditional battery are scientifically demonstrated, which is not available in most papers introducing the new battery and the traditional battery.
This paper studied the working principle of some new batteries, compared some new batteries with traditional batteries, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of new batteries, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of traditional batteries, and studied the application of new batteries in some fields, in order to speculate the future development of new batteries.Finally, the future prospect of the new battery and the significance of the new battery are obtained.

Solid-state battery
The difference between solid-state batteries and traditional lithium-ion batteries and lithium-ion battery polymers, which are very common at present, is the electrolyte.Traditional lithium-ion batteries use liquid electrolyte and ion exchange membrane, but solid-state batteries are different, it uses a solid electrolyte and a solid electrode.What kind of anode material and anode material is used will determine the capacity of the lithium-ion battery, the liquid electrolyte and the ion exchange membrane as the medium for transporting lithium ions.Solid-state batteries are different from today's lithium-ion batteries, because the development of lithium-ion batteries has reached the bottleneck and the performance of solid-state batteries is very excellent and the future development prospects are broad, so many people think that solid-state batteries can replace lithium-ion batteries.The advantage of solid-state batteries is that they can reduce safety problems such as electrolyte leakage and fire and explosion, while improving charge and discharge efficiency and energy storage density.The disadvantage is that the current manufacturing cost of solid-state batteries is relatively high, and its energy density still has room to improve.Solid-state batteries can be used in consumer electronics such as electric cars, smartphones and tablets, as well as aerospace and energy storage systems [2].

Metal cell
The metal air battery is magnesium, aluminum, zinc, mercury, iron and other active substances with negative potential as the negative electrode, and the metal air battery uses atmospheric oxygen as the positive electrode.The air electrode can continuously draw the electrode reactive material-oxygen from the surrounding environment, unlike the general battery can only be obtained from the battery device, so the metal air battery has a high theoretical specific energy (excluding oxygen mass) [3].The advantage of metal air batteries is that metal air batteries have a high energy density, and atmospheric oxygen is a cheap and easily available cathode material compared to elements such as metal nickel and lithium used in traditional batteries.The disadvantage is that the cycle life and durability of metal air batteries need to be improved, and the resulting oxides can lead to anodic corrosion.Metal-air batteries can be used in electric cars, drones and portable electronic devices.

Sodium ion battery
Sodium-ion batteries are a new type of secondary battery, and the working principle of sodium ions is similar to that of lithium-ion batteries, which are ions that move between the positive and negative electrodes through a liquid electrolyte.Sodium-ion batteries have the advantages of abundant resources and low cost, and are suitable for applications in energy storage systems and other fields.At present, the service life of sodium-ion batteries and the energy contained in the same volume are relatively low, and the research is still in its infancy.Sodium-ion batteries can be used in energy storage systems, large power systems, and consumer electronics [4].Fig. 1 is the working principle diagram of sodium ion battery.

Lithium-sulfur battery
Lithium-sulfur battery is a lithium battery, as of 2023 is still in the scientific research stage.Lithium-sulfur battery is also a lithium battery.However, unlike the general lithium-ion battery, the negative electrode of the lithium-sulfur battery is sulfur and its positive electrode is lithium ion.Sulfur has many advantages, such as the amount of sulfur on the earth is very large, so you can buy a lot of sulfur for very little money.The advantage is that lithium-sulfur batteries have advantages in terms of energy density, while using lower raw material costs.The disadvantage is that the cycle life and safety performance of lithium-sulfur batteries need to be improved, and the volatility of its electrolyte will lead to weightlessness.At present, the research work of lithiumsulfur battery has been carried out for many years, but because there are many defects in lithium-sulfur battery, there are many problems in the sleep application of lithium-sulfur battery.Therefore, there are not many lithium-sulfur batteries that can be practical at present, and future research focuses on four aspects: (i) While ensuring the conductivity of the sulfur electrode, increase the content of sulfur in the positive electrode.
(ii) Design a stable conductive structure to prevent the structural failure of the sulfur positive electrode during the charge and discharge process.
(iii) For the liquid electrolytic liquid system, develop new electrolytes with good compatibility for sulfur and lithium metal, such as ionic liquids.
(iv) Develop solid electrolytes with high density and high conductivity at room temperature for all-solid-state battery systems [5].

Fuel cell
, 03007 (2023) A fuel cell is a new type of battery and electrochemical device that combines chemicals in electrodes and electrolytes to convert their chemical energy into electricity.Fuel cells can be used in many places in daily life, and they have made indelible contributions to the development of society.Its advantages include very high power generation efficiency and compared to thermal power generation, the fuel cell is more friendly to the environment and the fuel cell operating temperature and noise is very low [6].The diagram below shows the schematic diagram of a photo fuel catalytic cell [7].

Flexible cell
Flexible batteries are a new type of battery that can be deformed and bent or folded to a certain extent.At present, many companies have proposed the concept of flexible electronic products and produced related products.For example: Apple's IPhone Procare concept.The transparent screen bends back and forth and the phone is thin.There are many concept products such as this, however, the development of these flexible electronic products is inseparable from the development of flexible power supplies that match them.In order to meet the needs of bendable, plantable, wearable electronic products, flexible energy storage devices and power supplies, such as flexible lithium-ion batteries with different sizes, shapes and mechanical properties, have a lot of room for development [8].

Comparison between traditional batteries and new batteries
Traditional batteries include lead-acid batteries, zincmanganese batteries, zinc-air batteries, zinc-silver batteries, zinc-mercury batteries, and Mg-manganese batteries.

Market conditions
In the market, most of the traditional batteries are very cheap, and at the same time, most of the traditional batteries are very reasonable and safe and stable.And most of the traditional battery waste recycling rate is high, which is very good.Relying on these advantages, the sales volume of traditional batteries in the market is greater than that of new batteries

Energy efficiency
The newly developed new energy batteries can make better use of energy and improve energy efficiency.Compared with traditional batteries, new energy batteries have more energy in the same volume and can provide a longer service time.This high energy ratio is not achieved by many traditional batteries.Therefore, the new battery far exceeds the traditional battery in terms of energy efficiency.

Environmental friendliness
Most of the raw materials of traditional batteries contain toxicity, whether it is in the production process or in the waste treatment time, it may produce toxicity and cause harm to the human body, at the same time, if the traditional battery is improperly handled in the waste treatment, it will cause huge pollution to the environment, if it is buried in the land, The pollution to the land will continue for decades or even centuries, but most new batteries do not produce much pollution and pose little harm to the human body during production and waste disposal [8].Therefore, in terms of environment, the new battery is superior to the traditional battery.

Service time
The life of new energy batteries is longer than that of traditional batteries.The life of traditional batteries is affected by many factors, such as the number of charges, charging current and so on.The new energy battery uses more advanced technology, which can better protect the battery and extend the service life of the battery.

Application of new energy batteries 4.1 Electric vehicle
The motor vehicle part uses lithium-ion battery, lithiumion battery energy is relatively high, and lithium-ion service life is long, its service life is longer than the general traditional battery, at the same time, lithium-ion battery has high power bearing capacity, easy for the car to carry out high strength start-up acceleration, easy for people to use [9].Lithium-ion batteries also have the advantage of light weight and strong adaptability to high and low temperatures, ensuring the operation of the car in a variety of environments.Lithium-ion batteries are very friendly to the environment, whether in production or waste treatment, lithium-ion batteries basically do not cause great damage to the environment, nor do they produce many heavy metal elements.Lithium-ion batteries do not need the help of water in the production process, which is very advantageous for China, which is short of water.
There are also some electric vehicles using nickelmetal hydride batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries have higher energy and no pollution to the environment.Nickel-metal hydride batteries have the advantages of high specific energy and power.However, due to the high cost of using a large amount of nickel and cobalt, the scarcity of nickel and cobalt will lead to its mass production and use when the price will rise.At present, it is still widely used in hybrid vehicles, and with the mass production of lithium-ion batteries and the reduction of costs, nickel-metal hydride batteries will eventually be withdrawn [10].

Aerospace
, 03007 (2023) Some aircraft now use power lithium-ion batteries, although the battery now provides enough energy to allow the aircraft for long-distance transport, but many scientists believe that this power lithium-ion batteries can have better prospects for development in the future.The low pollution and high permittivity of the power lithium-ion battery are its biggest advantages.Vehicles in space use the new batteries at a higher rate.Whether it is in the artificial satellite or in the spacecraft are largescale use of new batteries, new batteries in the same volume contains far more energy than traditional batteries, mainly because the new battery is widely used in satellites and spacecraft.

Daily life
New energy batteries have become popular in People's Daily life.In daily life, people may not notice the new battery, but they play an irreplaceable role in human daily life, if there is no new battery in human daily life, then people's quality of life will be greatly reduced.For example, the batteries in common mobile phones and laptops in daily life mostly use new lithium batteries, the use of new lithium batteries not only has a larger capacity under the same volume, but also more charging and discharging times to ensure that the service life of the equipment can be longer, while the new battery in production and use is less pollution, the waste generated is better for waste treatment.

Solar panel
A solar panel is a device that uses solar energy to generate electricity.Because the new battery has a long working time and can provide more energy in the same volume, new energy batteries are basically used in solar cells.At present, many solar panel manufacturers are using new energy batteries to improve the efficiency and life of solar panels.

Industry and city
The first is industrial, new energy batteries can be used in industrial production of energy storage systems.Industrial production requires a large amount of electric energy, and new energy batteries can be stored through energy storage systems for emergency needs.This way of utilization can improve the energy utilization efficiency of industrial production, reduce energy costs, but also reduce the dependence on traditional energy sources, reduce environmental pollution.Secondly, in the city, new energy batteries can be used for energy storage and peak balancing of urban energy systems.The urban energy system needs to meet the peak energy demand, and the new energy battery can achieve the support of the urban energy system through the energy storage and peak load system.This way of utilization can improve the stability and reliability of the urban energy system, reduce the cost of urban energy, but also reduce the dependence on traditional energy, reduce environmental pollution.

Conclusion
New energy batteries play an important role in the automotive industry, aerospace or in daily life.This paper discusses the raw materials, working principles and application scope of some representative new batteries, and compares these representative new batteries with some traditional batteries, and analyzes the advantages of the new battery is that the new battery has higher energy under the same volume and can be charged and discharged many times.At the same time, the new battery has a longer service life, and will not produce a large number of heavy metals or harmful gases that are harmful to the human body or the environment in the process of production and use or waste treatment, and is more friendly to the human body and the environment.However, it is inevitable that the new battery also has a lot of shortcomings, most of the new battery cost is high, the raw material acquisition is difficult, the waste utilization rate is low, the manufacturing difficulty is high, the process flow line is complex and so on.And the analysis of electric vehicles, aerospace, solar panels and daily life of these scenarios, so that the new battery has an irreplaceable position in these places.Although the new battery has made great progress after decades of development, it is not perfect, there are still many problems that have not been solved, and many doubts still plague scientists, but the new battery will certainly be the mainstream of the future.Traditional batteries will be gradually eliminated because of their large environmental pollution, toxicity to the human body, short service life and low energy.Therefore, new batteries will play an increasing role in more and more fields.In this way, more and more people or enterprises or governments will be attracted to the development of new batteries, so that more and more problems will be solved, so that the development of new batteries in the future is better and better.