Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Poly (Butylene Succinate)

. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) has garnered significant attention as an environmentally friendly and biodegradable substitute for conventional plastics. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of PBS, encompassing its various applications, properties, significance, and recent advancements in research. The paper commences by addressing the pressing issue of plastic pollution and the urgent need for sustainable materials. It proceeds to delve into the origins and synthesis of PBS, accentuating its distinctive composition comprising succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol. The diverse properties of PBS, such as its biodegradability, mechanical strength, flexibility, heat resistance, and chemical compatibility, are meticulously examined and elucidated. The fundamental importance of this review lies in illuminating PBS as a potential remedy for plastic pollution. By showcasing its applicability in industries spanning packaging, agriculture, textiles, automotive, and medicine, the paper effectively underscores the versatility of PBS. Furthermore, the paper explores recent research advancements in the realm of PBS, focusing on modifications and refinements designed to address its limitations. Strategies such as copolymerization, additive integration, chemical modification, blending with other polymers, and the creation of nanocomposites are investigated as means to enhance PBS properties and broaden its range of applications. In conclusion, this paper furnishes a comprehensive overview of PBS, accentuating its capacity to serve as an eco-friendly substitute for traditional plastics. By comprehending the applications, properties, significance, and recent research progress of PBS, readers gain insights into its role in combatting plastic pollution and fostering a more sustainable future.


Introduction
Plastic, with its durability, versatility, and low cost, has become an integral part of modern life.However, the extensive use of plastic has led to a severe environmental issue: plastic pollution.The current situation regarding plastic pollution is dire, as approximately 8 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the oceans each year.This waste takes centuries to decompose and poses a significant threat to marine life and human health.The history of plastic dates back to the early 20th century with the invention of Bakelite, the first synthetic plastic.Since then, plastic production and usage have skyrocketed, resulting in the accumulation of plastic waste and the urgent need for sustainable alternatives.
Researchers have been diligently working on the development of biodegradable materials as substitutes for conventional plastics.Bioplastics like polylactic acid (PLA), derived from renewable resources such as cornstarch and sugarcane, have shown promise.Additionally, the emergence of biodegradable synthetic polymers, including PBS, has garnered attention due to their unique properties and potential to mitigate environmental impact.The invention of PBS is of utmost significance, particularly in the realm of sustainable materials.PBS was developed in the 1980s by researchers at Showa Highpolymer Co. Ltd, utilizing a catalytic polymerization process involving butadiene monomer succinate.This pioneering method yielded a polymer with exceptional mechanical properties, making it compatible with conventional plastic manufacturing techniques.
The significance of PBS's invention can be understood through several key factors.Firstly, PBS is a biodegradable polymer, meaning it can naturally decompose into harmless components such as water, carbon dioxide, and biomass.This biodegradability greatly mitigates the environmental impact of plastic waste compared to conventional plastics that persist for extended periods.PBS offers a viable solution to the pressing issue of plastic pollution, particularly in areas where effective plastic waste management is challenging.Furthermore, PBS contributes to the utilization of renewable resources.It can be derived from sources like sugar cane, cornstarch, and potato waste, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting more sustainable material production methods.This aligns with the objective of reducing the carbon footprint associated with plastics and advancing towards a greener future.PBS's mechanical properties, including high strength, stiffness, and toughness, make it versatile and suitable for various industries.Its applications span packaging, consumer goods, agriculture, and the automotive sector.The adaptability of PBS as a direct substitute for traditional plastics minimizes the need for substantial changes in manufacturing processes, facilitating a seamless transition.Moreover, the invention of PBS contributes to the transition towards a circular economy.Through various recycling methods like mechanical recycling, PBS can be recovered, allowing valuable resources to be retrieved and reducing dependence on raw materials.Embracing a circular economy approach promotes resource efficiency and waste reduction, aligning with sustainability goals.The invention of PBS has also stimulated further innovation and research in the field of sustainable materials.Scientists, engineers, and manufacturers have been inspired to explore and develop new biodegradable polymers with enhanced properties and wider applications [1].The ongoing research aims to address the limitations of conventional plastics and drive the adoption of more sustainable alternatives.Since the early 1990s, Showa Polymers has been commercially producing PBS under the brand name Bionolle.Initially, it found primary application in the production of biodegradable bags and films for packaging and agricultural purposes.Over time, PBS has undergone significant advancements, with continuous efforts to improve its performance and expand its range of applications.As a result, there has been a growing interest in PBS as a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics, prompting investment in the development and production of PBS-based products by various companies.
The invention of PBS represents a significant breakthrough in the field of sustainable materials.It addresses the environmental challenges posed by plastic pollution by providing an alternative to conventional plastics that is biodegradable, derived from renewable resources, and possesses excellent mechanical properties.The biodegradability, utilization of renewable resources, a broad range of applications, and contribution to the circular economy position PBS as a promising material for a more sustainable and environmentally friendly substitute for traditional plastics.Ongoing research into PBS is expected to play a crucial role in driving the transition towards a greener future.The paper discusses the synthesis and manufacture, properties, modification, and applications of PBS.

Synthesis and production
The production of PBS entails a series of crucial steps that combine chemical synthesis and processing techniques to achieve the desired polymer.These steps encompass raw material selection, monomer preparation, polymerization, polymer purification, polymer processing, and product fabrication.
Raw material selection is the initial stage of PBS manufacturing, wherein suitable raw materials are chosen.Monomers such as butadiene and succinic acid serve as the building blocks for PBS synthesis.These monomers can be derived from diverse sources, including petrochemicals or renewable feedstocks like biomass and agricultural waste [2].
Following raw material selection, the chosen monomers, such as butadiene and succinic acid, undergo chemical processes for preparation.Purification and refinement steps are often employed to ensure the quality and suitability of these monomers for polymerization.The polymerization process involves the reaction of the monomers to form polymer chains.For PBS, catalytic polymerization is the typical method employed.This approach utilizes a catalyst, frequently a metal-based compound, for example, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) which is a coordination compound of tin and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization reaction, to initiate and regulate the reaction between the monomers [3].Through the catalyst's assistance, the butadiene and succinic acid monomers bond together, leading to the formation of PBS polymer chains.Once polymerization is complete, the resulting PBS polymer exists in a crude form containing impurities like unreacted monomers, catalyst residues, and other byproducts [4].To obtain a high-quality PBS, the crude product undergoes purification processes such as filtration, extraction, and washing.These purification steps effectively eliminate impurities, enhancing the purity of the PBS polymer.Following purification, the purified PBS polymer is subjected to further processing.The polymer can be melted and molded into various forms using traditional plastic manufacturing techniques.This may involve extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, or film casting, depending on the desired end product.Additionally, additives like plasticizers, stabilizers, or colorants can be incorporated during processing to enhance the properties or appearance of the PBS.
Subsequently, the processed PBS is fabricated into specific products tailored to their intended applications.PBS finds wide-ranging utilization in the production of packaging materials, films, bags, disposable cutlery, agricultural mulch films, and more.The fabrication process may entail additional steps like cutting, shaping, printing, or assembly to achieve the final PBS products.
It is important to note that the manufacturing process for PBS can vary depending on specific production methods, equipment, and the raw materials utilized by different manufacturers.Continuous research and development efforts are ongoing to optimize the manufacturing process and enhance the overall efficiency and sustainability of PBS production.These endeavors aim to improve the ecological footprint of PBS and drive its adoption as a viable alternative to conventional plastics.

Properties
PBS is a material that possesses a diverse range of properties, making it highly appealing for a multitude of applications.Its unique characteristics can be categorized as follows: Firstly, PBS is notable for its biodegradability, which sets it apart from traditional plastics.It can undergo natural decomposition, breaking down into harmless elements like water, carbon dioxide, and biomass.This exceptional biodegradability significantly reduces the environmental impact associated with PBS, in stark contrast to conventional plastics that persist for extended periods.
In terms of mechanical properties, PBS excels with its impressive strength, stiffness, and toughness.Its high modulus of elasticity allows it to retain its shape and structural integrity under substantial mechanical stress [5].As a result, PBS proves to be an ideal material for applications necessitating durability and robustness.
Another advantageous property of PBS is its flexibility and elasticity.It possesses a degree of resilience, capable of regaining its original shape after deformation.This characteristic renders PBS suitable for applications where elasticity is vital, including the production of films and packaging materials.
While PBS demonstrates moderate heat resistance, with a melting temperature typically ranging from 100 °C to 120 °C, it is important to note that it may not be the most suitable option for high-temperature applications when compared to certain engineering plastics.Nonetheless, PBS can withstand moderately high temperatures without deformation or compromising its mechanical properties.
PBS also exhibits excellent resistance to a wide array of chemicals, including acids, bases, and solvents.This chemical resistance makes it well-suited for applications where contact with various substances is expected, such as in the packaging of chemical products or within agricultural settings.Transparency and clarity are additional advantageous qualities of PBS.Its inherent transparency enables the production of clear or translucent products.This attribute proves beneficial in applications that prioritize visual appeal or require product visibility, such as in packaging or consumer goods.Moreover, PBS lends itself well to various processing techniques commonly employed in plastic manufacturing.These techniques include extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and film casting.This versatility allows for easy molding into intricate shapes and forms, enabling its widespread use across diverse industries [6].
PBS exhibits compatibility with a range of additives, including fillers, reinforcements, plasticizers, and colorants.During the processing stage, these additives can be incorporated to enhance specific properties or tailor the material to meet the demands of specific applications.For example, the addition of reinforcing fibers can significantly enhance the strength and stiffness of PBS.
The combination of biodegradability, mechanical strength, flexibility, heat resistance, chemical resistance, transparency, and processing compatibility positions PBS as an exceptionally versatile material suitable for various industries [7].Its properties make it particularly applicable in sectors such as packaging, consumer goods, agriculture, automotive, and more.Continued research and development endeavors aim to further optimize and customize the properties of PBS, ensuring it meets specific application requirements and advancing its potential for sustainable solutions.

Modification
PBS presents itself as a promising material with numerous advantages, yet it also faces certain drawbacks and areas where improvements can be made.These limitations encompass various aspects.Mechanical strength, despite PBS possessing favorable mechanical properties, may fall short in demanding applications, thereby restricting its usage in industries that necessitate robust mechanical properties [8].Thermal stability poses a challenge for PBS, especially at high temperatures, as it undergoes degradation and loses its desirable properties.Consequently, its application is limited to scenarios that do not require elevated heat resistance.Heat resistance, while moderate in PBS compared to other engineering plastics, may render it unsuitable for high-temperature applications where materials with superior heat resistance are indispensable.Enhancing the heat resistance of PBS would greatly expand its potential applications.Water sensitivity proves to be a disadvantage for PBS, as it tends to absorb moisture, leading to dimensional changes, diminished mechanical properties, and gradual degradation.Such sensitivity restricts its viability in certain environments or applications [9].The slow degradation rate characterizes PBS as a biodegradable material.However, its decomposition process is comparatively sluggish when compared to other biodegradable materials, particularly under specific environmental conditions.This sluggishness limits its efficacy in addressing plastic waste and reducing environmental pollution.Lowtemperature brittleness affects PBS, causing it to become brittle and lose its toughness in cold environments or applications requiring shock resistance at low temperatures.
Improving the low-temperature performance of PBS would broaden its scope of applicability.Cost competitiveness presents a challenge for PBS, as its current production cost exceeds that of conventional petroleum-based plastics.Lowering the production cost of PBS is essential to enhance its economic viability and competitiveness in the market.
To address these limitations and enhance the performance of PBS, several modification strategies can be implemented: Copolymerization enables the introduction of other monomers during the polymerization process, thereby altering the properties of PBS.For instance, mixing PBS with other biodegradable polymers or copolymerizing it with different monomers can improve its heat resistance, degradation rate, or low-temperature performance.For example, the strength of 0.03 mol% Malic acid-branched PBS is 23 MPa, which is higher than that of normal PBS with 19.3 MPa [10].Additive incorporation involves introducing additives into PBS to improve specific properties.For example, plasticizers can enhance flexibility, while fillers or reinforcers can bolster strength, stiffness, and impact resistance.The use of compatibilizers ensures the effective dispersion of additives within the PBS substrate.Chemical modification focuses on altering the chemical structure of PBS through various chemical reactions.By introducing functional groups into the polymer chain, PBS's compatibility with other materials can be enhanced, or its degradation rate can be improved.
Blending PBS with other polymers, whether biodegradable or non-biodegradable, allows for the creation of hybrid materials with superior performance.This strategy leverages the synergistic combination of different materials to overcome individual limitations and achieve the desired performance.Formation of nanocomposites involves incorporating nanoparticles, such as clay nanoparticles, into PBS.These nanocomposites exhibit enhanced mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties compared to pure PBS.Process optimization entails fine-tuning machining parameters such as temperature, pressure, and cooling rate during the manufacturing process.By optimizing these parameters, material properties can be improved, and better control over the final product can be achieved.By adopting these modification strategies and continually advancing research and development efforts, PBS can overcome its limitations and witness enhanced performance.This, in turn, will expand its application possibilities and facilitate its use as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics.

Application
PBS has gained widespread application across diverse industries due to its distinct properties and biodegradability.Here is a comprehensive overview of the various applications of PBS.
One of the primary applications of PBS lies in the packaging sector.PBS is commonly employed in the production of packaging materials such as films, bags, and containers.The remarkable transparency and clarity of PBS make it an ideal choice for packaging products that necessitate visual appeals, such as food packaging, cosmetics, and consumer goods.Furthermore, PBS films exhibit commendable barrier properties against moisture and gases, ensuring optimal protection and preservation of packaged goods [11].
PBS finds extensive utilization in the agricultural industry.It is deployed in the form of mulch films, greenhouse films, and crop protection materials.The biodegradable nature of PBS facilitates convenient disposal and diminishes the environmental impact when compared to conventional plastic films.These films act as protective barriers, regulate soil temperature and moisture, and enhance overall crop growth.
An emerging application of PBS is in the production of disposable cutlery, plates, and cups.PBS-based alternatives offer flexibility and durability, serving as viable substitutes for conventional single-use plastic items.The resilience of PBS-based cutlery and tableware allows them to withstand typical usage conditions, and their biodegradability aids in reducing plastic waste accumulation.
The versatility of PBS extends to the textile industry as well.PBS can be processed into fibers that are subsequently woven into fabrics.The resulting textiles exhibit commendable tensile strength, durability, and resistance to chemicals and sunlight.These characteristics enable the utilization of PBS textiles in a wide range of applications, including clothing, home furnishings, and technical textiles.
The automotive sector also benefits from the unique properties of PBS.PBS is extensively used for interior components, primarily owing to its moldability.The ability of PBS to be molded into various shapes and forms makes it a suitable material for the production of dashboards, door panels, and trim.The heat resistance and mechanical strength of PBS contribute to its durability in demanding automotive environments.
PBS finds application in electrical and electronic sectors as well.Its insulating properties and resistance to chemicals make it a preferred choice for cable insulation, connectors, switches, and casings for electronic devices [12].
The medical and healthcare industries are exploring the potential of PBS for diverse applications.PBS is being utilized in the production of surgical sutures, drug delivery systems, and biodegradable implants.Its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties make it an attractive material for such medical applications.
PBS has also made its way into the field of 3D printing.It can be utilized as a filament, offering the advantage of being melt-processable and capable of forming complex structures.This makes PBS suitable for producing prototypes, customized products, and smallscale manufacturing through additive manufacturing technologies.
The adhesive and coating industries have recognized the potential of PBS.Its excellent adhesive properties and chemical resistance allow for the formulation of adhesives and coatings used in various sectors, including packaging, construction, and automotive.
It is important to note that the applications of PBS are constantly expanding as ongoing research and development efforts focus on optimizing its properties and exploring new formulations.The versatility, biodegradability, and compatibility of PBS with existing manufacturing processes make it an attractive material for industries aiming to adopt more sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions.

Conclusion
PBS emerges as a promising solution to addressing plastic pollution and offers a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics.The escalating issue of plastic waste has led to detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health, necessitating the exploration of alternative materials.PBS represents a significant milestone in this pursuit, being a biodegradable and renewable polymer synthesized by combining succinic acid and 1,4butanediol.PBS possesses desirable properties such as biodegradability, mechanical strength, flexibility, and transparency, making it suitable for packaging, agriculture, textiles, automotive, and medical applications.
Despite its advantages, PBS does have limitations.Its mechanical strength may not meet the requirements of demanding applications, and it exhibits limited thermal stability and water resistance.However, modification strategies like copolymerization, additive incorporation, chemical modification, blending with other polymers, and forming nanocomposites can address these challenges and enhance PBS's performance.
Despite these challenges, PBS holds immense potential as a sustainable material.Its compatibility with existing manufacturing techniques and its biodegradability offers a compelling solution to the plastic pollution crisis.Ongoing research and development efforts will further optimize PBS, enabling its widespread adoption across industries and contributing to a more sustainable future.
In conclusion, PBS represents a significant step towards sustainable materials.Its unique properties, biodegradability, and potential for modification make it a viable alternative to traditional plastics.Embracing PBS and further exploring its potential will propel humans towards a world where plastic pollution is significantly reduced, and a more sustainable future is achieved.