Pyrolysis Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste and Automotive Waste with Study of Each Component Energy Potential

. Many research is aimed at improving municipal solid waste disposal and producing usable energy. Pyrolysis technology not only decreases the volume of municipal solid waste, but it also produces pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas, and carbon, all of which have a high calorific value and are widely used in industrial activities. This article focuses on the plant-based pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and automotive plastic trash. The research also discusses the pyrolysis energy potential of municipal solid waste components such as plastics, biomass, rubber, and plastics. The energy potential of plastic waste from vehicle components was also investigated in this study, which used thermogravimetric and elemental analysers. According to the findings of the examination of the most common plastic waste from automobiles, it is possible to determine the potential treatment of this waste by pyrolysis. By analyse municipal solid waste, it was discovered that waste treatment by pyrolysis might lower the environmental load in Slo vakia in the future, ensuring a greater quality of life, inexpensive and sustainable energy for humanity, and strengthening waste treatment innovation.

TAP solid alternative fuel

Introduction
As a result of increased human consumption because of economic expansion and urbanization, is seeing an increase in the creation of municipal solid waste (MSW). According to the World Bank, global MSW production will reach 3.4 billion tonnes by 2050 [1]. China is one of the developing countries with the most MSW production. Human health depends on air quality. Emissions, especially particulate matter (PM), contained in the air can penetrate the lungs and blood circulation, which can cause various respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [2]. According to the National Statistical Office, MSW output in 2019 was 242 million tonnes, up 6.16 percent from the previous year [3]. MSW not only takes up precious ground, but it also pollutes the air and water, endangering public health and the ecosystem.
MSW can be disposed of in several ways. Many countries use landfills, which can hold a lot of MSW [3]. Leachate from landfills, on the other hand, can damage groundwater [4]. The volume of MSW can be reduced to a larger extent by combustion than by heat treatment. It does not require a larger plot area than landfill treatment. Combustion heat can be used to generate electricity or heat [5]. The ecology is harmed by emissions of fly ash, slag, and pollutant gases like SO2, NOX, and dioxins. Scientists have been focusing on converting garbage into useable resources in recent years.
Approximately 15 to 16 million cars are sold in Europe each year. The amount of incoming market and about the same is also leaving. The oldest vehicles are scrapped after 20 or 30 years of operation, generating 15 million tonnes of waste. In Slovakia, it is about 50-60 thousand cars a year [6]. The vehicle consists of metals, plastics, fluids, rubber, glass, textiles. For some types of waste, the tip can be set. If sampling lines are created, you can, for example, go straight to metallurgical primary production with separated metals, figuratively speaking. [7] The processing of old used vehicles is an important factor in environmental protection. To be able to reuse the materials used in the construction of the car and not cause a lot of waste, it is necessary to raise the issue of their quality dismantling while preserving the quality of the secondary raw materials that can be returned for reprocessing. The technologies currently used in the processing of old vehicles are shredding (US approach), selective dismantling (French approach) and complete dismantling (German approach) [7].
It is significantly easier to process only the components while disassembling a car. Pyrolysis is particularly well suited to the processing of automotive polymers. Plastics that can no longer be recycled can only be pyrolysed, are polluted, and hence are unsuitable for alternative recycling methods. [8] Because there is no burning, the method does not produce hazardous pollutants or have an environmental impact, as is the case with trash incineration. This is because during combustion, or oxidation, the flame comes into direct contact with the reaction mixture. The waste is isolated from the reactor and furnace, which use propane-butane (or natural gas) as fuel and solely serve to achieve the appropriate plant temperature. The polymers are gasified rather than burned [8].

Physical composition of MSW
Living patterns, lifestyles, and tourism are all changing fast because of growing urbanization and increased urban migration. MSW has a different composition and characteristics according on the area and season. This mixture is critical for obtaining highquality pyrolysis fuel. In 2020, Slovak homes produced more municipal garbage, but the good news is that the percentage of recyclable waste grew to 44 %. Less than half of municipal rubbish ended up in landfills for the first time in history (48 %). In 2020, the population of Slovakia produced an average of 446 kg of municipal waste. This is 53 kg more than the average annual value of waste produced in the previous five years (2016 -2020). In total, the households of the Slovak Republic produced 2.43 mil. tones of municipal waste. This follows from data on municipal waste in 2020, which were currently published by the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. From a regional point of view, most waste -more than 500 kg per capita per year -was produced in three regions of western Slovakia, namely Trnava (584), Bratislava (531) and Nitra (521). On the contrary, the least waste was generated by the inhabitants of the Prešov, Košice and Banská Bystrica regions. In these regions, the amount of waste per capita did not exceed 400 kg. In the Prešov Region, one person produces on average two thirds less waste than in the Trnava Region.
MSW is classified into four groups according on its composition: recyclable, kitchen, hazardous, and other garbage. Waste plastics and rubber, kitchen waste, paper, textiles, biomass waste, ceramics, glass, and metal make up the majority of MSW [9]. In Table 1 is stated municipal waste quantity by type of waste in tons and then municipal waste quantity by waste subgroups in tons in Table 1.

Physical plastic composition of automotive waste
Because plastics are formable, lightweight, and typically seen as highly recyclable materials, they are becoming a more popular material in the design and production of complicated consumer items such as vehicles. However, the actual recycling of heterogeneous plastics employed in such long-lasting items is difficult, and different scenarios for how basic products, such as water bottles, are retrieved through curb or container recycling operations provide quite different possibilities. Although there is equipment for recycling plastics, technological and economic restrictions limit their use in high-level consumer or industrial applications. Plastics are more likely to wind up in energy recovery or as shredder residues, and eventually in landfills, for these reasons [9].
The current recovery and recycling procedure for a discarded automobile includes dismantling, de-pollution, and shredding, as well as physical and mechanical treatment of shredder waste and energy recovery. Presently, plastics and composites contribute to shredder residue, and as the use of these materials increases, so does the amount of shredder  Given European regulations requiring 95 percent of a car to be processed for reuse and recovery and 85 percent to be processed for reuse and recycling by January 1, 2015, identifying feasible improvements and alternatives in the plastics recycling chain is critical. [8]

Materials and methods
Polyurethane foam (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene are some of the most often used plastics in automotive applications (ABS). According to Table 5, we performed an analysis of waste plastics from the following car components. We have selected components that contain the most plastics such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Among these vehicle components, we have narrowed the selection to the following: front door upholstery, dashboard, and painted plastic front bumper [11].
The component samples were crushed with a mechanical crusher to prepare plastic samples suitable for analysis on instruments such as a thermogravimetric analyzer LECO TGA 701 for the determination of moisture, volatile, fixed carbon, and ash content; an elemental analyzer LECO CHN628 for the determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen content; a separate module LECO 628S for sulfur content. The particle size was mainly in the range of 0.5 mm to 2 mm for all samples. The results of these analyzes are shown in Tables 4-5. In the elemental analyzer were pre-weighed samples combusted in the absence of atmospheric gases. The thermogravimetric analyzer measured the weight loss of individual samples during increasing the temperatures. Individual samples were heated at 107 °C (air atmosphere), then at 900 °C (nitrogen atmosphere), and finally cooled at 550 °C (air atmosphere). There were used standard methods for solid biofuels by the relevant standards STN EN ISO 18122 and STN EN ISO 18123.

Results and discussion
The results of these analyses are shown in Tables 4 and Table 5 on dry basis. Results values in the tables are average values from three repetitions of measurements. These achieved results are consistent with the other results in works [12,13,14] stated in Table 4 369, 03005 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236903005 MATEC Web of Conferences 40 t h . MDFMT & XXIII. AEaNMiFMaE-2022 for comparison. The achieved results of the elemental analysis confirm the high potential for obtaining elements such as mainly carbon and hydrogen. The values of the carbon content compared with others differ by up to 10 % and the hydrogen content differ up to 6 %, which could be influenced by the production quality of the preparation of samples, used devices, atmosphere, and method. Based on the results, investigated materials are still attractive for pyrolysis processing in terms of the content of the examined elements. Table 4. Results of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content (dry basis). By analysing the obtained results, we can conclude that the processing of MSW as well as selected waste from the automotive industry is a promising solution to waste pol-icy not only in the Slovak Republic but also globally in the world. The initial expenditure for the technology's creation and, finally, the portfolio of end customers may be the challenge with obtaining fuel from garbage. They are in insufficient numbers to build big pyrolysis facilities. The goal of this study was not to compare the efficacy of pyrolysis waste treatment technologies, but to show that pyrolysis is a potential option to dispose of both current and landfill garbage. Simultaneously, began to investigate pyrolysis plants for smaller companies and community facilities during the study.

Conclusion
Analysing the results of the above assessments, it can be assessed that addressing waste policy, whether it is municipal waste or waste from the automotive industry, can be taken to help us combat climate change. At the same time, it was found that due to the high content of hydrocarbons, pyrolysis treatment of MSW or waste from the automotive industry has prospects in the future how to reduce the amount of waste produced and turn it into further use in the form of fuels in industry. Since there will be lower existing landfills as well as reduced production of new ones. The Government of the Slovak Republic will adopt in 2023 a law banning the landfill of any waste. At the same time, it supports the processing of waste and its recovery for other forms of energy, such as pyrolysis treatment. Preparations for the wording of the Act on the Prohibition of Landfilling of Waste are thus looking for alternative methods of waste management, apart from the conventional separation and recycling method for waste treatment by pyrolysis. Studies are also being conducted on the production of TAP (solid alternative fuel) for cement plants.
The department deals with the pyrolysis treatment of MSW and wastes from the automotive industry. This work was also focused on plastic waste from car components, which was tested on thermogravimetric and elemental analysers. No nitrogen was measured for the ABS sample. The highest content of nitrogen was measured for the Mixed sample. The measured carbon content was in the range of 72.38 % to 83.63 %. The lowest value was for the PP sample and the highest value for the ABS sample. The lowest content of hydrogen was for the PE sample and the highest value for the ABS sample. The sulfur content was in the range of 0.12 % (PP sample) to 0.61 % (PE sample). The values of individual volatile matter were similar in the range from 97.21 % to 98.54 %. The highest ash content was measured for the ABS sample with a value of 1.41 %. Other samples had ash con-tent lower than 0.64 %.
Finally, with innovative waste management solutions, it is possible to meet the goals of sustainable development and thus achieve responsible consumption while adhering to an appropriate waste management scheme, such as: the separation of plastics for recycling and pyrolysis treatment. In addition, reducing emissions from waste treatment can pre-vent climate change, such as rising global temperature.