Ledentsov society: to study of the issue

Subject. Ledentsov Society Russia's first private science foundation, combining the interests of business, science and society. Research hypotheses: The first at the beginning of the twentieth century in Russia, traditionally gravitating to the European tradition, public organizations were created aimed at the connection of science and business, one of them was the Ledentsov Society; The second is how the Ledentsov Society formed a new entrepreneurial ecosystem in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century; Third one of the most important results of the activity of the Ledentsov Society was the support of the scientific school of production organization at the Imperial Moscow Technical School. The topic of creating private scientific foundations of the early twentieth century is mainly related to the study of foreign experience. This article attempts to present a different point of view representing Russian researchers. Methodology. Narrative, comparative, and historical research methods are used. Results. As a result of the study, it was shown that in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, the creation of the Ledentsov Society became an important element of the new entrepreneurial ecosystem. Conclusions. The Ledentsov Society is closely connected with the creation of a new scientific school for the organization of production at IMTU. N. Czarnowski is not only the creator of a scientific school, but also the author of the world's first production organization textbook.


Introduction
Modern Russian society, in contrast to the society of the USSR, comprehends new terms associated with a radical reorganization of the entire way of social and economic life. Changes in science, both fundamental and applied, are determined not only with the reforms of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the university community. Private and scientific funds become a new and important element, which makes a link between science and b i e . P e e i g he F be Fi R ia Phi a h i Ra i g (2019), Olga Pavlova notes that the rating does not claim to be comprehensive and emphasizes that some funds that ha e e e ged i ece decade a e c ed. Pa a efe E i abe h Schi f d , Rich R ia : F he O iga ch he B ge i ie (2018), he e hi a h i add e ed i a cha e . The a h c ai , i e Pa a, ha f ea h e e (especially in the first generation), charity is important to justify the legitimacy of their wealth, but at the same time it helps them to find new interests and tasks. Therefore, large businessmen are engaged in collecting, opening museums and galleries, they support i a c a i i i [1]. Nevertheless, the role of business in financing the science is extremely small: for example, Professor R.M. Melnikov believes that in modern Russia, in contrast to foreign ac ice, he ai ce f fi a ci g he c a e e ea ch a d de e e k a e he state funds, but not companies e i ca i a [2].
Developing the first hypothesis, one should not, that at the turn of the past centuries the situation with the support of science by the business community in Russia was different: for example, S.M. Bastrakova believes that private donations to science were made by representatives of the business world elite of Russia (including P.I. Gubonin, P.G. von Dervies, K.F. von Meck, I.P. and N.P. Malyutin, N. I. Naydenov, I. F. Bazilevsky, M. S. Sidorov, A. M. and I. M. Sibiryakov, K. T. Soldatenkov; members of the family business of Alekseev, Bazunov, Guchkov, Morozov, Nobel, Paskhalov, Ryabushinsky , Khludov, Shelaputin). Not only new higher education institutions, departments, laboratories, clinics and observatories were created with their support. They acted as sponsors of science, as S.M. Bastrakova considers, even leading scientific societies such as the Russian Geographical Society and Russian Physico-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg or the Society of Naturalists and the Society of Natural History, Anthropology and Ethnography in Moscow, which were developed only due to social assistance and the support of philanthropists [3].
We suppose that this was a global trend. A.N. Blinov, who studied the history of this issue, considers that the appearance of private organizations, which are more similar to modern scientific foundations, dates back to the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. As examples, he considers the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, 1860); The Carl Zeiss Foundation (Carl Zeiss Stiftung 1889), and other organizations and writes that they received the greatest development in the United States, where more than one hundred of different charitable foundations were created in the 1900s. He emphasizes that in such foundations as the Russell Sage Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation and the Rockefeller Foundation, the concept of a grant appeared and was applied as a special mechanism for financing the researches [4].
The second hypothesis is devoted to the Ledentsov society, which is practically not known to foreign scientists [5]. But also in Russia, only three works are devoted to the study of the society Why was the Ledentsov Society the first scientific foundation in Russia? First of all, at the turn of the past centuries, Ledentsov, after he moved from Vologda to Moscow, kept company with representatives of leading scientific and public organizations, and it is reflected in the abovementioned studies. Secondly, let us make the assumption that in the process of society creation, the interests of both leading universities and the best representatives of the business world of Moscow, being the centre of national entrepreneurship of Russia, were taken into account. So, on May 17, 1909 Thirdly, we emphasize the important difference between society and other organizations -the creation and activities of expert commissions to identify people, who are worthy of g a [11]. A i i ed b V.A. V k a d M.V. K ik a, he c a c ci considered the a ica i f b idie de c a ica a d e edi i : he eci ie of the grant chose different reporting forms -a report at a meeting of the council or the annual ee i g f he C a , a a ic e i he V e e ik j a i e e t, after which a decision was made to resume or to terminate the funding [12]. But for now, the question remains open -how exactly the individuals who received the grants were determined.
In it is the name of the aircraft [14]. The dissolution of the Society in 1918 did not simply mean the cessation of the activities of the first private foundation in Russia: the scientific library of the society and the company's awards medals and, no less important, respect from scientists and public exposed persons in Russia and all over the world, were abandoned.
The Ledentsov society created the foundation for the appearance in Russia of not only new scientific organizations, but also allowed many scientists to make significant discoveries, including those which are of world significance [15]. Amongst them, Nikolai Frantsevich Czarnowski (1868-1938) [16], h e ai k O ga i a i f I d ia E e i e f he P ce i g f Me a (1911, 1915, 1919) a ea ed fi i he B e i f the Polytechnic Society in 1910-1911 [17]. The training course on the organization of production began to be taught at IMTU since 1904, but Professor S.G. Falco holds the view that it was N.F. Czarnowski who developed the course of lectures [18].
Le e e he fe i i i h the information that it was the Council of he Lede S cie , hich i c ded a g hi a k , he fa i ia i a i i h he organization of existing institutions that fully or partially pursue tasks that are similar to or in contact with the Society a k , e N.F. C a ki ab ad a a e e e a i e f he Society to international forums, and also in order to attend the international exhibition in Brussels, the Polytechnicum in Aachen, to get acquainted with the organization of the Berlin Patentamt, the patent office of Klostermann in Zurich, and the Deutches Museum in Munich. T ge he i h he e i c i , he C ci a ked N.F. C a ki, a ed i he decision of the Council, to submit a report about his trip and provided him with a subsidy of 300 b e [19]. i e e f e during visits to these factories was to get acquainted with new and constructive types and, in parallel, to get acquainted with the executive side of building these types, because with methods and means of processing parts and assembling machines, as well as with the general structure, equipme a d ga i a i f k i k h , i e C a ki. He a makes an important clarification that "with the prevailing type of everywhere -mass production", there is a proliferation and development of automatic machines for the production of any specific parts. As an example, Czarnowski indicates machines for processing pistons of automobile engines at the Benz factory [20].
The current study, if we describe the results, confirmed the hypotheses put forward: indeed, in Russia, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the creation of the Ledentsov Society, which brought together representatives of science, education and society, became an important element of the new entrepreneurial ecosystem. Moreover, the practice of the Ledentsov Society can be as an example for modern scientific foundations.
The findings of the study confirm also the fact that it was the Ledentsov Society that influenced the creation of a new scientific school for the organization of production at IMTU. Thanks to visiting foreign enterprises, and based on own experience (he held senior positions at the Mytishchi and Sormovsky factories), N.F. Czarnowski managed to write the world's first production organization textbook. , writes that the Society was founded in 1909 by the will of the philanthropist Christopher Semenovich Ledentsov. In his opinion, the amount "bequeathed by Ledentsov was actually more than the bequest of Alfred Nobel granted to establish the Nobel Prizes, but these funds were confiscated by the Soviet government immediately after the revolution, so the Ledentsov Prizes could never compete with the Nobel Prizes".