Spatial Change of Resettlement Area and Location Vulnerability

This paper analyzes the Change of Livelihood of Resettlements Area in Mojosongo after being a destination area of a resettlement program. The program resettled 453 households devastated from the flooding area of River Bank of Bengawan Solo. Many scholars argue that the resettlement program commonly situate people into a vulnerable situation, especially in the early stage of post resettlement. With regard to this common argument, spatial analysis was conducted to describe spatial change of the resettlement area before implementation of the program (2006); in the middle of the implementation of programmes (2013) and in the current situation (2018). Interviews have been conducted to Head of Housing, human settlements and Land Government unit, and head of the community. This results show that this resettlement program partly creates a vulnerable situation. However, due to the commitment of the local government, and integrated program have been conducted along the resettlement process. This approach is able to accommodate the community’s interests and government program. Such integration is able to provide infrastructure and social services that in accordance to community’s need and interests. Therefore, it is expected to reduce the risk of community to be exposed in a vulnerable situation after the resettlement program.


Introduction
Agenda of 11 th of SGDs states that Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable [1]. This agenda sets a propose for cities to be socially inclusive, affordable, environmentally sustainable facing climate change and résilience to all risk and hazardous [2]. Social vulnerability of place is contributed by place inequalities, which influence and shape susceptibility of community to harm or to be able to respond [3]. Most resettlement program has been usually conducted in emergency condition, where there is no other solution choices (World Bank, 1990). Most reasons are related to eviction of people caused by a big scale of infrastructure development, city beautification where slums have been considered as handicapped of urban aesthetic. This is supported by low government procedure and regulation in protecting people from eviction [4].
The research was based on the fact that in 2006 there was 1571 squatter settlements occupied riverbank area of the Bengawan Solo River, located in the flood hazardous location area. In 2007, in flooding disaster all squatter settlements there were all have been impacted. The government of Surakarta initiated the Resettlement program for resettling people from a squatter settlement into residential areas conformed to the Spatial Plan. As stated in the Major Regulation no 15/ 2007, the resettlement's Program required formulation of a community working group called POKJA (Kelompok Kerja = Working Group), The POKJA had a role for mediation of community to be able to communicate with the local government, Most of squatter residents have been resettled to Kelurahan Mojosongo as a new residential area in the north of Surakarta. In 2012 the government of Surakarta has been successfully in resettling 453 households by implementing communitybased development to mostly to Mojosongo and some of them has been resettled to Sukoharjo Regency. After implementation of the program, there have involved cross sectoral institutions for supporting area of resettlements with several public services such as water supply system, road provision; land tittle certification; job creation and others After10 year implementation of resettlement program, especially Kelurahan Mojosongo has been indicated Spatial Change, related to the change of land utilization, accessibility, infrastructure development, livelihood profile. This research explored spatial change livelihood profile of the resettlement area in Mojosongo Village in 2006 (before the resettlement program implemented); 2013 (after 5 years implementation of the program) and in 2018 (after 10 years after implementation of the program). This scrutinized whether spatial change has contributed to social vulnerability of location. The research questions were firstly, to what extend the Resettlement Program affects spatial change of the region and secondly, to what extend the programs supporting Resettled community to reduce their vulnerability 2 Research Method

Study Area
This research identified the change of land use in Kelurahan Mojosongo as one Kelurahan in Surakarta, which were mostly squatter settlers along riverbank areas of the Bengawan Solo River have been displaced in this location areas. As destination areas of a resettlement program distributed into 2 regencies: firstly in Surakarta, there are 12 spot areas of resettlement mostly in Kelurahan Mojosongo and secondly, 4 spots, areas of resettlements located in Sukoharjo regency. Table 1 shows the distribution area of resettlement    figure 4, the area has been always impacted by flooding disaster every year. Resettlement program was implemented in order to move people to other more safe and livable residential area, while the previous area was planned for the urban forest

Research Approach
This research used Livelihood Approach in the analysis of resettlement. Some frameworks were analyzed using Neighborhood Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) (Carney, 1998(Carney, , 1999Scoones, 1998), the Framework for Thinking about Diverse Rural Livelihoods (Ellis, 2000), Bebbington's (1999) Capitals and Capabilities Framework, and the UNDP's (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods Diamond. These approach tried to integrate community assets, constraints, community capacity to analyze livelihood conditions in the frameworks of space and time (CHIMHOWU and HULME, 2006) According to Ashley and Carney, 1999, sustainable livelihood approach is the instrument to improve the quality and relevance of the program designed to poverty reduction. He argued that SL, which should be committed to poverty eradication should be; 1) People centered; 2). Responsive and participatory; 3) multilevel; 4) conducted in partnership; sustainable in 4 dimensions: economic, institutional, social, environment; and dynamic. This research used the Sustainable Livelihood approach, which was included in case study research using evaluation and monitoring research of SL by conducting Monitor a range of livelihood impacts -where SL analysis can help identify the priority second round effects -both positive and negative -to be monitored (e. g. Impact on other assets, activities, structures and processes). Socially differentiated monitoring (Ashley and Carney, 1999)

Data Gathering
Data were gathered through several collections: 1)Main data was gathered through field observation related to the aspects of Land use (built up and non built up area); accessibility, infrastructure provision and transportation; 2) Interview survey has been conducted to several institutions and Key persons as followes: Government Unit of Housing, Human Settlements and Land of Surakarta City; Government units of Public Works and Spatial, Planning and Head of community units in Resettlements Area, and 3) Focused Groups Discussion . Figure 5 shows Sustainable Livelihoodl Analysis that was conducted to show spatial change of the resettlement's area , how were the vulnerability of the area and how were the community responses to reduce the vulnerabiliy of the area  Year Characteristics of Resettlements Area 2006 -The Mojosongo Village before becoming destination areas of the resettlement program. The area is located in a hilly location with topography more than 15% in some part of the area -However the area of resettlement is located in a safe area from flooding hazards -Most of the location is cultivated land with limited access of water supply. The

Low Livability of Location
Resettlement leads to risks to livelihood security, and the socioeconomic impacts of resettlement of communities imply increased vulnerability and perhaps maladaptation that increases vulnerability [5].
Resettlements policy in Surakarta was purposed for resettling people from the hazardous flooding area as a part of increasing access of informal settler to appropriate land and housing for poverty alleviation strategy. Resettlement Program has moved out people from illegal settlements along the riverbank area of the Bengawan Solo River to Residential Area conformed to Spatial Plan of Surakarta as Residential Area. The new Area of resettlement is saved from flooding disaster, as well as a parcel of land with security of tenure. However, due to a limited funding from the government, the new location affords for resettled people was located in low quality of land for residential area. In spite of located in a hilly location, with some part of area in land topography with more than 15% degree, the new location of resettlement has been remotely far from transportation accessibility (see figure 8). At the beginning of resettlement, access to water supply has also been limited where the only sources of water has only found from artists wells. After 10 years living there, the public Water supply (PDAM) has been provided at this location. This reduced vulnerability of location

Displace Location of Job Opportunities
From the interview to community leader, it was found that in the early stage of resettlements, the people felt displaced from the previous job opportunities, which the jobs were mostly located close to their previous residential areas. However, by the time, where the accessibility of location has been increased by supporting of some efforts and programs from the government, the community has been adapted the situation by creating new job opportunities, which are usually in the form of home-based enterprises in their new own houses in the resettlement area. access to public transportation routes, which was in the distance range of below 200 meters [6]. Apart from that, due to hilly and infertile location of Mojosongo, the condition of water supply was below the standard quality. The only sources of water supply were from artists wells.
However, this situation has been changed by the policy of the local government to provide most of basic services needed by the resettled households. Table 3 shows that due to integrated planning initiated by the Surakarta government, some infrastructure was provided by the Department of Public Work Central Java for provision drainage. Whether the construction of access road to the location and other public services was serviced by the Local Government Unit of Public Works [7]. Apart from that, electricity has been provided by PLN as well as clean water supply was done by PDAM. Collaborative planning in resettlements Program has overcome the problems of location vulnerability faced by the new settlers.

Conclusion
Resettlement Government Program tends to bring people in a vulnerable situation, especially in the early stage. This relates to location vulnerability as well as socioeconomic vulnerability, such as low quality of location, lacking of infrastructure and public services, displacement of job opportunities and social displacement. In the study area of Resettlement of squatter settlement of riverbank area of Bengawan Solo Surakarta to Kelurahan Mojosongo, in the early stage of Resettlement, even though the new residential area legally conforms to Spatial Plan of Surakarta as Residential area and securely safe from flooding disaster, the people have still lived in vulnerable locations. The Resettlements location was situated in a hilly area lacking of clean water supply, limited access of transportation mode and routes. Some settlers felt displaced from previous jobs. However, from Sustainable Livelihood analysis, it was found that the community reduced the vulnerable situation with job creation in a new location, increased social interaction in the new location. By cross sectional institutions of local government integrating their programs to support basic services in the resettlement areas, these helped people cope with the vulnerable situation and lead to sustainable livelihoods.