Global environmental monitoring from space

. we are facing global environmental issues such as global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation, air pollution, ocean pollution, desertification, etc. Homeostasis among geosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere has to be maintained. In order for Global Sustainability, global environmental monitoring from space is needed. The monitoring system does work for not only global environmental monitoring, but also disaster mitigation such as Sulawesi Big Earthquake and Tsunami which was occurred on 28 September 2018. Other than environmental monitoring from space, modeling and simulation, big data analysis, Artificial intelligence are also needed.


Introduction
We are facing global environmental issues such as global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation, air pollution, ocean pollution, desertification, etc. Homeostasis among geosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere has to be maintained. In order for Global Sustainability, global environmental monitoring from space is needed. The monitoring system does work for not only global environmental monitoring, but also disaster mitigation such as Sulawesi Big Earthquake and Tsunami which was occurred on 28 September 2018. Other than Environmental Monitoring from Space, Modeling and simulation, big data analysis, Artificial intelligence are also needed.
Land remote sensing and global environmental changes are overviewed [1]. Experiments on resampling of local unequally spaced Remote Sensing data and relative radiometric correction of linear array sensor data is proposed [2]. Japan's environmental observation satellite plans for the 1990's is introduced [3]. A review of current Earth observation data and information systems is well reported [4]. Observation of aerosol parameters at Saga using GOSAT product validation Lidar is well reported [5]. Big data platform for agricultural field monitoring and environmental monitoring is introduced [6].
In this paper, global environmental issues are introduced. Then, remote sensing satellites which allow global environment observation are described followed by big data of satellites data platform is overviewed. Examples of satellite observations for global environmental monitoring and disaster mitigation are described. Finally, the conclusion and some discussions are described.

Global warming
There are some issues related to global warming that have been faced by many countries on earth as follows: a) CO 2 concentration before industrial revolution: 0.028%, b) in year 2018: 0.04%, air temperature raised with 0.74 degree within 100 years, c) 0.8 to 3.5 degree of global warming is anticipated at 2100, d) Methane, Freon, halon, nitrogen oxides, e) Carbon stock: 170 Billion ton since industrial revolution, f) Carbon emissions: 27 Billion ton a year, g) Arctic and Antarctic sea ice shrinks and the late summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean disappears by the latter half of the 21 st century, h) Extreme high temperature, heat wave, heavy rain frequency increases, i) Even if the CO 2 concentration stabilizes at 720 ppm in 2100, the sea level rises by 30-80 cm in 2300 only by thermal expansion.
Contribution of greenhouse gasses excluding CO 2 is about half of that of CO 2 . In accordance with IPCC, averaged sea level is going down between 1990 to 2100 around 0.8-3.5 degree (1.4-5.8) or 9-88 cm. The fact says that increasing of Carbon dioxide may cause the following CO 2 : 0.74 degree/100 years. Fossil fuel releases Nitric acid aerosol (several weeks in the stratosphere).

Global issues other than global warming
Some other global issues other than global warming were detected as the impact of the following activities: 1) Deforestation. Forest damages due to acid rain are Denmark (61), Russia (59), Netherland (58), UK (56), Swiss (56), Germany (52). The number in the bracket denote percentage ratio of the damaged forest areas.
2) Ozone depression. The ozone depletion damages about half of ozone concentration arctic area. The ozone depletion ratio of Japan is approximately of 5% a year.

Example of remote sensing satellite image
There are four specific features of remote sensing satellites, namely extensibility, repetitive, long-term observation, and monitoring from space. Fig. 1 is an example of remote sensing satellite image acquired from Terra-1, Aqua-1 MODIS sensors. Animated typhoon 21 time series data observed over 2003/11/25-30 are shown in Fig. 1. One pass is 2,300 km, day one day 3-4 scenes, capturing the movement of the typhoon well.

Examples of remote sensing satellite image applications
Some examples of remote sensing satellite image application in determining, predicting and overcoming impacts of various climate change and geographical change phenomenons: 1) El Nino. The El Niño phenomenon off Peru can be observed from space. The seasurface temperature and its deviation from mean temperature can be derived. In November 2002, the deviation peaked at 2 or 3 degrees (red area) off Peru, which indicates the mature phase of the El Niño phenomenon. We can use this information to determine climate trends like temperature, amounts of rainfall, the number of typhoons, and the end of the rainy season.
2) Rainfall. The monthly rainfall of January 2004 and hourly rain rate can be estimated. Tropical areas and subtropical areas provide over two-thirds of all rainfall on Earth and play a vital role in the global water cycle. We can map the rainfall distribution and use this information for abnormal climate investigation and flood forecasting. This April 2003 satellite image shows yellow dust coming from the Asian continent over the Sea of Japan. We can see it lightly spread all over the Japan Sea. This image allows us to observe approaching yellow dust, which may help us improve aircraft security and safety.

Satellite data acquisition and processing system
Saga University satellite data reception system is shown in Fig. 2.

GOSAT Satellite System
Saga ground based-FTS operation started from July 2011. Outlook of ground station is shown in Fig. 3. At the site, following data are acquired: 1) GOSAT targets at Saga every 3 days; 2) OCO-2 can target 2 days in 16-day revisit. Fig. 4 shows the trends of the total column carbon dioxide and methane. Other than the FTS data, the following data which are shown in Fig. 5 are acquired for the reference.

Other activities
Practical applications of small satellites such as LAPAN A1(TUBSAT), A2 and A3 (LISAT) is also expanded. Saga University is contributing LAPAN-IPB satellite project in particular for vicarious calibration and image quality evaluations. Sulawesi Big Earthquake and Tsunami which was occurred on 28 September 2018. Saga University is still working on satellite data analysis for disaster relief and the creation of disaster recovery. Homeostasis among geosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere has to be maintained. In order for Global Sustainability, global environmental monitoring from space is needed. The monitoring system does work for not only global environmental monitoring, but also disaster mitigation such as Sulawesi Big Earthquake and Tsunami which was occurred on 28 September 2018. Other than Environmental Monitoring from Space, Modeling and simulation, Big data analysis, Artificial intelligence are also needed. As a result, it was found that the time required to eat one food was almost 30 seconds. For future work, Sulawesi Big Earthquake and Tsunami which was occurred on 28 September 2018. Saga University is still working on satellite data analysis for disaster relief and the creation of disaster recovery.