Stages of ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminal in Indonesia for sustainable transportation

. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on buses and at major bus terminal in large cities in Indonesia is needed for sustainable transportation. Based on the existing condition of buses and major bus terminals, ICT implementation cannot be completed at one go, but needs to be done in different stages. The aims of this study are identification of existing ICT implementation, to determine the necessity and priority of ICT implementation based on passengers’ needs and to provide stages of ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminals in Indonesia for the purpose of sustainable transportation. Case studies are carried on Trans-Sarbagita buses and at Mengwi major bus terminal in Denpasar, Bali and on Surabaya-Yogyakarta buses and at Purabaya major bus terminal in Surabaya, Indonesia. Five hundred and sixty-six passengers and the terminal authority are involved in this study. Data collecting method is questionnaire and interview. Important performance analysis is used in analysis. Results indicated that the stages are: 1) maintenance of existing ICT daily operations, i.e. CCTV and online-ticketing, 2) dissemination of existing and future ICT facilities to the society, 3) effort to implement ICT needed by passengers, 4) effort to implement ICT based on passengers’ priority, and 5) implementation of other advanced ICT in the future with financial support and the firm effort of local government, national government and industry, consistently and continuously.


Introduction
Sustainable transportation can be defined in many concepts.One of the common concepts of sustainable transportation is transportation that uses renewable resources, has a low impact of pollution emission to the environment, maximizes the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and does not burden future generations.The uses of ICT in transportation can reduce traffic congestion and increase safety, mobility, comfort, convenience, and service quality and can lead transportation towards sustainable transportation [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].
Since the existing condition of ICT implementation on buses and major bus terminals in large cities in Indonesia is still at the beginning level, ICT implementation, therefore, needs stages to be implemented.The aims of this study are identification of existing ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminals, to determine the necessary and priority ICT implementation based on passengers' needs, to provide stages of ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminals in Indonesia towards sustainable transportation.The stages are strategic to implement ICT in practice based on existing condition so that they can be applied as quickly as possible.Results of this study can be beneficial to be implemented on other buses and other bus terminals in large cities in developing countries with a similar existing condition.

ICT on buses and at bus terminals 2.1 ICT implementation on buses and at bus terminals
ICT as advanced technology in transportation is a part of an intelligent transportation system (ITS).ICT in this study is especially ICT that is implemented on buses and at major bus terminals in large cities.Such implementation will support the bus terminal authority to achieve a short operational time as well as potential cost saving and, therefore, increase daily bus operations and managed efficiently and effectively in practice.ICT implementation can be by bus e-ticketing, a bus priority system, and availability of parking space facility [1-4, 6, 10].
Using real field data collection, improvement of terminal operation surveillance and real-time passenger information regarding name and number of the bus, bus route, bus timetable, the bus location system, a bus delay time can be provided accurately in real time.Real-time passenger information can be distributed through bus terminal website, mobile application, television station, radio station, and also in the bus terminal and at the bus station [11,12].

Existing condition of ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminals in Indonesia
A primary bus terminal is an important part of the transport system that serves bus operations daily.Unfortunately, this important element in large cities in Indonesia is only supported by ICT at the beginning level.The existing condition shows that the only basic ICT that has been implemented in major bus terminals is bus e-ticketing on a few bus routes between large cities.
Based on the results of interviews with the terminal authority, the existing basic ICT implementation at major bus terminals is CCTV in the terminal and e-ticketing.Furthermore, the limited ability of bus terminal officers and limited financial support to implement ICT is a major challenge.

Research methodology
The research methodology of ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminals in Indonesia on sustainable transportation is presented in Fig. 1.A questionnaire to 566 passengers as respondents and interviews with the major bus terminal authorities are used in field data collecting.
The questionnaire is based on the Ministry of Transportation of Republic of Indonesia regulations and the average value of passengers' answers using a Likert scale regarding the  [13,14,15].The questionnaire also based on Ministry of Transportation of Republic of Indonesia regulations and the average value of passengers' answers using Likert scale regarding the implementation of ICT at major bus terminals is presented in Table 2 [13,14,15].The Likert scale value is between 1 (not greatly needed or not greatly prioritized) up to 5 (greatly needed or greatly prioritized) based on passengers' opinions as bus and terminal users [16].
Moreover, the Important Performance Analysis method is used in an analysis to provide the value of a level of necessity and value of a level of priority of the bus e-ticket service and also the value of a level of necessity and value of a level of priority of ICT implementation at major bus terminals [17].Value of Important Performance Analysis is described in Cartesian Diagram and presented in Fig. 1 and 2.

Field data regarding bus e-tickets and ICT implementation
The first primary data are from a questionnaire to 566 passengers as respondents on Trans-Sarbagita buses in Denpasar, Bali, and on Surabaya-Yogyakarta buses in Surabaya, East Java regarding bus e-ticket service necessity and priority by surveyors.The questionnaire and average value of respondents' answers are presented in Table 1.Moreover, the second primary data are from a questionnaire to 566 passengers as respondents regarding ICT implementation necessity and priority at Mengwi major bus terminal in Denpasar Bali and Purabaya major bus terminal in Surabaya, East Java, by surveyors.The questionnaire and the average value are presented in Table 2. Likert scale with value 1 up to value 5 is used in the questionnaire.

Analysis data regarding bus e-ticket and ICT implementation
The method used in the analysis is Important Performance Analysis, which is described in a Cartesian Diagram.The Cartesian Diagram in Fig. 2 describes the relationship between the level of necessity and of the level of priority of bus e-ticket service and the Cartesian Diagram in Fig. 3 describes the relationship between the level of necessity and of the level of priority of ICT implementation at the major bus terminal.

Level of Priority
Trans-Sarbagita bus Surabaya-Yogyakarta bus Fig. 2. Relationship between level of necessity and level of priority of bus e-ticket service on Trans-Sarbagita buses in Denpasar, Bali, and on Surabaya-Yogyakarta buses in Surabaya, East Java.

Fig.3. Relationship between level of necessity and level of priority of ICT implementation at
Mengwi major bus terminal in Denpasar, Bali, and on Purabaya major bus terminal in Surabaya, East Java.

Stages of ICT implementation
The stages of ICT implementation are recommended based on field data and analysis provided earlier and based on the existing condition of the buses and major bus terminals.The stages are recommended to be applied with practical achievement.

Stage 1 of ICT Implementation on buses and at bus terminals
Stage 1 to be applied in practice is good maintenance of the existing basic ICT which has been implemented daily based on interview results with major terminal authorities, i.e., bus e-ticketing and CCTV surveillance in the major bus terminal.By maintaining the basic ICT, the quality of overall service to passengers, i.e., easiness, fastness, and convenience, will, therefore, be improved.

Stage 2 of ICT Implementation on buses and at bus terminals
Stage 2 is an improvement of the ability of major bus terminal operators and dissemination of existing and future basic ICT facilities, such as wi-fi and hot spot in the bus terminal, to society, especially bus passengers.This stage is essential for efficient and effective daily operation can be done in practice and delivers relevant information to the passenger.The information is, for example, bus e-ticketing, bus schedule, bus route, bus tariff, and bus delay time.This information will ensure passenger satisfaction in arranging and completing their trip.

Stage 3 of ICT Implementation on buses and at bus terminals
Stage 3 requires great effort by the terminal authority to implement as early as possible the bus e-ticket based on passengers' opinions of the biggest necessity and priority as presented in Table 1 and in Fig. 2 (the highest values), i.e. ease of getting bus e-ticket information service (P1), availability of bus operational schedule information while buying a bus e-ticket (P2), availability of bus route information while buying a bus e-ticket (P3), ease of getting bus e-ticket service access (P4), consistency of bus e-ticket service time (P5), security of bus e-ticket counter (P7), affordability of bus e-ticket (P10), ease of bus eticket top up (P11), convenience of passengers while queued to buy bus e-ticket (P16), ease to find out bus e-ticket location (P18), and ease to complain about bus e-ticket service (P20).

Stage 4 of ICT Implementation on buses and at bus terminals
Stage 4 requires great effort by terminal authority to implement as early as possible the ICT based on passengers' opinions of the biggest necessity and priority as presented in Table 2 and Fig. 3 (the highest values), i.e. availability of information regarding name, schedule and route of bus in the terminal (P1), ease of getting information regarding name, schedule and route of bus in the terminal (P5).availability of information in the terminal regarding real-time bus location (P9), availability of information in the terminal using loudspeaker (P10), availability of information in the terminal regarding bus delay time using loudspeaker (P11), availability of information in the terminal regarding bus delay time using information board (P12), and availability of information in the terminal regarding terminal map and layout (P13).

Stage 5 of ICT Implementation on buses and at bus terminals
Stage 5 is the implementation of other advanced ICT that can be implemented on buses and at major bus terminals in the future, as presented in Table 3, with some requirements to ensure that the ICT will be applied.The requirements are, for example, financial support, great effort and the ability of officers from local government and national government, as well as industry, all consistently and continuously.It benefits passengers to arrange their bus trip, reduces time consuming and inconvenience while changing bus schedule, bus route and refund of bus fare using application on a mobile phone

Conclusions
ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminals in large cities in Indonesia towards sustainable transportation is crucial to improve service quality; however, it is still at the beginning level.This condition means implementation of ICT cannot be applied in a short time but needs stages.The stages that can be done in practice start with the maintenance and dissemination of existing basic ICT, a serious effort to implement ICT based on necessity and priority of passengers, and then the implementation of advanced ICT in the future by the local and national government, consistently and continuously.

Table 1
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on buses and at major bus terminal in large cities in Indonesia is needed towards sustainable transportation but cannot be completed in one time, therefore it needs stages Aim of Study to identify availability of existing ICT implementation to determine necessity and priority of ICT implementation based on passenger's needs to provide stages of ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminal in Indonesia towards sustainable transportation Methodology of research of stages of ICT Implementation on buses and at major bus terminals in indonesia towards sustainable transportation.

Table 1 .
Level of necessity and level of priority of bus e-ticket service.

Table 2 .
Level of necessity and level of priority of ICT implementation at major bus terminal.

Table 3 .
Stage 5of advanced ICT implementation on buses and at major bus terminals.