Mapping the potential for tourism strategic areas to improve the equality of development in Bali

Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia (PPRI number 50/2011) indicates the declaration of the National Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPParNas) from 2010 to 2025. Eighty-eight (88) of the National Tourism Strategic Areas (KSPN) is spread on thirty four (34) provinces throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The province of Bali contributes greatest foreign exchange for Indonesia through the tourism sector. Eleventh (11th) of KSPN-Bali are reflecting a priority-program of Indonesian Government through equal development of Tourism Strategic Areas. Development for Bali still indicates gap between a remote regency and central city. The moratorium on rapid development of tourism facility in South Bali indicates quite difference with slower development of East and North Bali. Thus, efforts to increase the distribution of development require investigation and identification through mapping the potential of Natural Resources and Cultivation, especially, the area of tourism in South Bali (Denpasar/Badung) compared to East (Karangasem) and North (Buleleng). Literature review, field observation, and semi-structured interview data were analysed by combination of qualitative-verification methods and cognitive-mapping solutions. The result of case study was representing mapping the potentials for natural resources and cultivation that was identified in Sanur (Denpasar), Tulamben-Amed (Karangasem), and Bali-Utara (Buleleng). Therefore, unequal development between each tourism strategic areas would reduce, and in turn, prosperity of social communities would be improving for Bali.


Introduction
Development-strategic for Bali can be supported by various philosophies that are quite relevant, namely: independence uniqueness (Mandiri), excellence competitiveness (Unggul), cultural (Berbudaya). Therefore, it would be investigated and developed three important independent-themes [2]: Critical Factors (CFs); Cognitive Mapping the spatial knowledge and local resource potentials; and Strategic development plan. Mainly in this research focused on scientific mapping the local potentials in the form of natural and cultivation resources. Mapping the potentials of strategic tourism areas is an information database as a reference document which is beneficial preparations for development strategy of sustainable tourism areas to increase equitability of social and economic development for Bali Province. The series of studies can be described briefly in Fig. 1. The integrated literature review is beneficial to observe and synthesize the results of recent research to make inference judgment and organize ideas related to a particular field of study [3]. The synthesis process is crucial when it comes to identifying and understanding 'research problems' that require appropriate solutions to achieve 'research objectives' through a systematic scientific method. The literature review phase is intended to identify and analyse influential variables [2], such as Social-culture, Legal-regulation, Environment, Economic, Politic, Safety, and Sustainability (SLEEP + SS) and "Mapping of the potential of natural and cultivation resources in the National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN) in supporting equity of development for Bali".
Indonesia as a developing country, then the government expects all components of the nation to continue to develop science and technology, to improve the economy to compete and excel from neighboring countries (Asia), even other countries in the world. President of the Republic of Indonesia issued Presidential Decree No. 32 of 2011 on May 20, 2011, on the Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI: 2010-2025). Indonesia's economic development is based on the approach of the spatial concept of regional development. The Indonesian economy is developed based on the potential and environmental advantages of each of the thirty-four (34) provinces grouped into six National Economic Corridors (Fig. 2).  The 'spatial' concept approach to Indonesia's economic development can be implemented more operational through comprehensive and integrated regional planning of Indonesia (refer to Fig. 3). Furthermore, on December 2, 2011, the President of the Jawa Corridor:

Bali-NusaTenggara
Corridor: The gate of national tourism and supporting national food

Papua-Kep.Maluku Corridor:
National energy, food, fisheries and mining development

Sumatra Corridor:
The center of production & processing of crops and energy barns

Kalimantan Corridor:
Center for production & processing of mining products and national energy barns  Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia (PPRI number 50/2011) or RIPParNas 2010-2025 documented a definition of KSPN as a region that has the main function of tourism or has the potential for tourism development which has one or more aspects, such as economic, social & cultural growth, empowerment of natural resources, environmental carrying capacity, defense and security [1], while the strategic area is defined following Bali Provincial Regulation No. 16/2009; is "the area where spatial planning is prioritized because it has a significant influence in the province's scope on economy, social, culture, tourism and/or environment." Bali Tourism Strategic Area is contained in Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) for the period of 2009 to 2029 [6][7][8]. Based on PPRI number 50 in 2011, Bali Province is included in the fifth (V) economic corridor, ie., Bali & Nusa Tenggara, and MP3EI indicates that contribution the country's foreign exchange from the tourism sector can significantly contribute to the equalization of the economic development [9][10][11][12][13]of the so-called societies in the province of Bali, and to be achieved more realistically through the priority of the Tourism Strategic Area Development of Bali Province. Jaya and Wiryasa [14] reported the results of the Critical Factors (CFs) investigation into the development of KSPN Bali Province. A careful study of literature and observation identifies fifty-seven (57) essential factors affecting the development of the Tourism Strategic Area (KSP) of Bali Province. All essential factors are grouped into seven (7) CFs categories based on the literature study, field observation and interview/discussion with some relevant experts. Each category of factors is grouped based on the similarity of information contained in each factor, and the proximity of the meaning and meaning of the data. The seven categories of CFs are [2]: Social-cultural, Legal-regulatory, Economic, Environment, Politic, Safety, and Sustainability (SLEEP + SS).

Research methodology
Literature review, field observation, discussion and interviews with resource persons initiated three main types of research design, as follows: exploratory, constructive, and empirical [15][16][17]. Exploratory research was designed to know and understand the research situation well and has not produced a final decision or conclusion of the answer. The purpose of the exploratory study is to collect initial information that can help define the problem and create a hypothesis. The process of collecting data is secondary such as literature review, or primary approach to qualitative data such as informal discussions (with former officials, community leaders, private entrepreneurs, corporate managers, marketing mediators), and somewhat formal through consultations and interviews with officials as pilot studies. Constructive research is used because the research design is about engineering science. Research is intended to include basic theories, simple mathematical formulas, models or frameworks. Constructive research approaches include validation, but not necessarily exploratory-based as the previous research stage, or for empirical research as used and discussed below.
Empirical research is based on observations to measure the presence of natural phenomena. Knowledge can also be gained from real experience in the field (grounded) rather than from previous theories or beliefs. The empirical research approach is made to obtain the development of science/ knowledge and technology through experience and direct or indirect observation, which then analyzed by quantitative and/or qualitative method [18]. Quantitative data are analyzed triangulated with qualitative data to describe the results of quantitative analysis into qualitative form to be more clearly understood or more reasonable. Empirical researches are used to combine two research traditions, namely quantitative and qualitative methods during data collection and analysis, to solve problems and achieve better research objectives.
This study accommodates all three types of research designs but focuses more on empirical approaches because the research instruments are designed with a quantitative and qualitative design of semi and structured interviews [19]. The semi-structured interviews design constructs a 'qualitative-verification' format in which the 'triangulation strategy' in obtaining data in the field remains open regarding treating theory. One of the advantages of qualitative-verification research is to attempt to reveal the facts behind the apparent data so that these unseen things are subjected to qualitative methods [2].
Respondents' answers are recorded and labeled into each question variable to analyze and measure the level of confidence (information) obtained, and then explained qualitatively to improve the validity of research instruments and data reliability by a combination (triangulation) method [17,20]. Thus, the process and research results can be useful for mapping the scientific potential of the tourism region includes the development of strategic areas of national tourism to improve equality of economic development in Bali Province.

General
The people of Indonesia need efforts to enhance the quality of life in the activities of nation and state. It is hoped that by improving the quality of life can create wider prosperity as well as providing happiness both in the spirit and in the heart. One of the efforts to improve the quality of life of the community is through tourism activities. Tourism has a central role in creating the quality of life of Indonesian society that is not only limited to the welfare aspect but also can provide happiness.
In the Law of the Republic of Indonesia number 10 of 2009 on tourism, it is stated that tourism serves to meet the physical, spiritual, and intellectual needs of every tourist with recreation and travel and increase the state's income to realize people's welfare. Indonesian tourism is also expected to enhance the sense of nationalism and friendship among nations. In more detail, the objectives of Indonesian tourism in accordance with the Law on Tourism are: increasing economic growth, improving people's welfare, eradicating poverty, overcoming unemployment, conserving nature, environment and resources, promoting culture, lifting the image of the nation, strengthen the identity and unity of the nation, and strengthen friendship among nations. Taking into account the purpose of tourism, it seems that so much hope for the success of the tourism sector so that tourism development planning should be done comprehensively and integrated.
On the other hand, tourism activities have very high dynamics, always evolving and changing in line with the passage of time and the development of the era. This dynamic phenomenon provides uncertainty in the management of tourism activities in a region. Therefore, it needs an understanding and also holistic planning in realizing a region as a tourism destination. Through holistic understanding and planning is expected to minimize the occurrence of a failure in the planning and management of a tourism destination. The success of planning a tourism destination will be able to support the creation of quality tourism destinations so it popular in the eyes of tourists. Supported by the management of a good tourism destination will accelerate the achievement of development goals of community welfare.
Many tourism destinations develop naturally without going through comprehensive planning, leading to the potential for environmental, social and cultural issues, including conflicts of interest between communities, both with investors and the government. To minimize the negative impacts arising from the development of tourism destinations, systematic development planning is required, integrated with as much as possible to absorb the aspirations of the people, government and private sector engaged in tourism and tourism support.
Development of tourism destinations not only at the level of the conceptual but also need to be considered the implementation of the plan development of the destination is real. In this case, planning is not an individual activity, trial and error, or simply making plans to dream about the future, but also how to realize the dream; planning the development of strategic areas of tourism should include commitment and power. To implement it needs strategies, programs and action plans, and analyze each stage of achievement. The strategic plan for the development of strategic areas of tourism in situations of high uncertainty for a complex problem requires a planning method that takes into account real-life situations known as adaptive planning, a planning model based on sustainable planning principles with several options that can be implemented simultaneously, as well as adjustments/ changes in accordance with the results of monitoring and evaluation. Through adaptive planning, the development of tourism in a destination can be in line with a dynamic of tourism activities. The development plan of KSPN Kuta-Sanur-Nusa Dua and Surrounding covers four aspects of tourism that are described in more detail in several dimensions for each aspect of tourism, as follows. 1) Tourism destination, which includes dimensions: tourist attraction; accessibility of tourism; public infrastructure, public facilities; tourism facilities; tourism society; and tourism investment. 2) The tourism industry, which includes: tourism enterprises, tourism products, employment in the tourism industry, and tourism business partnerships. 3) Tourism marketing, which includes dimensions: market; destination image; tourism marketing partnerships and promotions. 4) Tourism Institutions, which include: laws and regulations; tourism organizations, tourism human resources, tourism research and development; and tourism partnerships.

Potential of KSPN in Buleleng regency
The following section will discuss the National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN) in Buleleng Regency. Based on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 the Year 2009 on Tourism referred to as "Tourism Destination is a geographical area within one or more administrative areas in which there are tourist attractions, public facilities, tourism facilities, accessibility, and inter-related communities and complete the realization of tourism." Based on the above understanding, the elements of the formation of tourism destinations include tourist attraction, accessibility, infrastructure and public facilities, tourism facilities.

Potentials of the KSPN in Karangasem regency
Administratively, the physical condition of KSPN around Tulamben-Amed is located in Kubu and Abang sub-districts in Karangasem regency of Bali province or about 100 km from Ngurah Rai International Airport with the distance of about 3 (three) hour journey by road with road condition smoothly. Location KSPN Tulamben-Amed is located on the easternmost part of Bali Island which has the following area boundaries 1) North: Indian Ocean, 2) West: District Selat and Rendang, 3) East: Lombok Strait, 4) South: District of Bebandem and Karangasem.  The name of Tulamben Village comes from the word batulambih which means "many stones." This is because of the impact of the eruption of Mount Agung that affect this village from time to time. Then the name of this village turned into Batulamben and eventually turned into Tulamben Village. Tulamben village has an area of 29.16 km 2 .
As for the Amed region was formerly famous for its traditionally made sea salt products, but now Amed is known for its underwater beauty, so it becomes a marine tourism destination on the island of Bali. Amed has existed since the time of the Kingdom of Karangasem, where Amed was included in the territory of the Homemade Rits. Community life around Amed, in general, is fishermen. The rustic atmosphere is thick, and traditional has not been influenced by foreign culture, the beauty of the sunrise in the morning on the beach Amed is a beautiful and exotic panorama. Administratively, Amed Area belongs to Purwakerti Village, Abang District, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province.

Conclusions
A follow-up study before resulted in a cognitive-mapping of three potential areas from the available 11 National Tourist Destination (DPN), they are Sanur-Kuta-Nusadua, Bali Utara, and Tulamben-Amed, in the form of Natural Resources (SDA) and Resources of Cultivation (SBD). The scientific mapping the potential areas of information database as a reference document is very useful for the preparation of the tourism strategic area development in Bali. It can be categorized as follows. 1) Tourism Destination: tourist attraction, tourism accessibility, public infrastructure, public facilities, tourism facilities, tourism community, and tourism investment. 2) Tourism Industry: tourism business, tourism product, employment in tourism industry, tourism business partnership, technological development and creativity of tourism industry. 3) Tourism Marketing: the market, the image of the destination, the tourism marketing partnership, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of tourism promotion, and the adaptation of electronic technology in the field of tourism. 4) Tourism Institutions: legislation, tourism organizations, tourism human resources, research & development (R & D), and partnerships of tourism institutions.