Preservation of durian timber and coconut timber with soursop leaf extract

Durian timber and Coconut timber grow a lot in the area of Gunung Pati Semarang, Central Java. The threat of biodeteoration in Indonesia as tropical area is quite high. Therefore, it is necessary to take protection measures in the form of preservation for prevention. The preservatives used in this study are natural preservative of soursop leaf extract. The preservation method used was cold soaking method with variation of concentration of preservative as follows: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. This study aims to figure out how significant the weight loss of timber and how durian wood and coconut wood’s resistance to termites based on the weight loss of timber. Result of examination of termite attack on Coconut timber with preservation of soursop leaf extract 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% obtained by weight loss of wood 17.57%, 13.43%, 10.61%, 7.67%, 5.50% and 4.20%. Meanwhile, the result of examination of termite attack on Durian timber with the concentration of soursop leaf extract 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% showed these following timber weight losses: 18.24%, 14.61%, 13.04%, 11.33%, 8.98 % and 7.84%. Based on the wood resistance table, Durian timber with soursop leaf concentration of 20% and 25% were classified in the medium classification. Coconut timber with 15% and 20% soursop leaf concentrations were classified in the medium classification, while at 25% concentrations in resistant classification.


Introduction
Good quality timber demand is increasing as the population grows. However, nowadays, it is very difficult to obtain raw materials of a very high quality timber from natural forests. This causes the focus of timber utilization from natural forests to switch to community forests and plantations. Durian and coconut timbers are the commodities which are now starting to be utilized. Durian and coconut timbers grow and they can be found in tropical climates. The timbers that originate from community forests and plantations have different characteristics than the timbers from natural forests [1]. The timbers from contemporary people's forest has not seen its properties especially its durability and durability. Timber from the forest is basically used for various purposes both for carpentry and building materials. However, its use should be supported by technologies that can improve the properties of timber, such as sawmill, drying, pickling, and other processing technology [2] The durability of timber to the wood decay fungi is also influenced by several factors such as extractive substance in timber, age of the timber, the origin of the timber, the wood decay organism [3].
The threat of biodeteoration in Indonesia is quite high. Therefore, it is necessary to take protection measures in the form of preservation for prevention. Timber from community forest is expected to be a substitute material of timber from natural forests both for the needs of building components and industrial raw materials.
Coconut timber is also known as glugu timber. It is a timber that is obtained from the collection of good coconut trees growing wildly and cultivated as one part of the coconut tree [4]. The average density of Coconut timber is 0.74 then it belongs to the strong class II (specific gravity 0.6 -0.9). Coconut timber is included in the durable class III.
Durian timber properties are classified as class II-III with specific gravity of 0.57. Durian timber belongs to the class of durability IV-V and strong class II-III. Wood is classified as relatively light wood species and has a relatively low durability [5]. Timber preservation with the addition of montan wax and boric acid wax emulsions for 20% up to 50% in timber, providing protection from wood-decay fungi [6].
The research had managed to overcome the problem by determine the suitable amount for the Rubber trees. Converting acetic and butyric acids derived from landfill leachate into acetate and butyrate salt, leachate can be fermented and be potentially turned into a valuable timber preservative. The mixture of sodium acetate and sodium butyrate can be a preservative in Rubberwood because it can inhibit the growth of wood decay fungi [7] Borates prevents fungal decay and are deadly to termites, carpenter ants and roaches -but safe for people and the environment. Boron is not fixed chemically to timber, and it will be leached out if timber is subjected to wet environment [8].
The use of bamboo for building materials, especially in the use as a construction, needs a maximum bamboo handling with preservative borax [9] Termites especially Coptotermes sp. has a wide distribution and has caused severe damage. Various chemicals have been used to cope with the danger of termite attack. However, the use of such chemicals can endanger the environment [10].
Therefore, the chemical materials must be replaced with the use of natural materials for preservatives. From the potential of environmentally friendly soursop leaf extract as an insecticide, it can be used Coptotermes sp as termite controller. Soursop leaves can act as insecticide, larvacide, repellent (insect repellent) and inhibitor. Soursop leaf contains acetogenin compound, such as asimisin, bulatacin and squamosin [11] The results of the study presented by Grainge and Ahmed (1989) reported that the active ingredients contained by soursop seeds such as alkaloids, annonain, mauricine, and mauricinine may act as antifeedants and insecticides [12] Soursop leaf extract contains 66% of monoterpene compounds and 28% sesquiterpene. In addition, it also contains 11-17% α-pinene, 12.5-24.8% cymene, and 10.6% thymyl acetate [13].
Soursop leaf powder can stop the growth of termites and increase termite mortality [14] The result of this research shows that the flour of soursop leaf from dosage 0,5 gr/100gr grain has an effect on the increasing mortality and decreasing the growth of soy powder beetle (C. analis) on soy grain and can decrease the decay and soy grain weight caused by the attact of soy powder beetle (C. analis) at any deviation.

Materials preparation
The research was conducted at UNNES Civil Engineering Laboratory. This research was an experimental research examining termite attack on Durian timber and Coconut timber. The treatment of this study was the preservation by using natural preservative of soursop leaf extract. The timbers used in this research were Durian timber and Coconut timber obtained in Gunungpati District Semarang.
The 30 pieces on Durian Timber and 30 pieces on Coconut Timber with 25mm width, 25mm height and 5mm thick were used as the test specimens.
Preparation  Method of preservation of timber was performed using cold soaking method. The preservatives used in this study were soursop leaf extract with these following variations of concentration: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Extraction process was obtained by soaking the soursop leaves that have been cleaned into water inside of containers and was allowed to cool down for 2-3 hours. After the water cooled down, the soursop leaf extract was ready for use as a natural timber preservative. The specimens were soaked with the soursop leaf extract for 7 days.

Data Analysis
The amount of specimen weight loss was calculated using this following equation: Where, P : weight Loss (%) W1 : Weight of specimen before termited test (g) W2 : Weight of specimen after termited test (g) Furthermore, the determination of termite resistance of the timber was based on the classification of timber resistance to termites based on weight loss, as shown in table 1.

Specific Gravity of the Timber
The specific gravity is the ratio of timber density to the water density at the same volume. The results of the specific gravity of Durian Timber can be seen in Table 3. The results of this test showed that the average specific gravity of Durian Timber was 0.43. Meanwhile, the average specific gravity of Coconut Timber was 0.53. Specific gravity of Durian Timber was less than specific gravity of Coconut Timber. The results showed an inverse relationship between timber water content and its specific gravity; higher water content of timber led to the lower specific gravity, or vice versa.  Table 4. shows the average weight loss of timber of Durian timber and Coconut timber based on variation of soursop leaf extract concentration. Test results on Durian timber and Coconut timber showed the tendency of an inverse relationship. The higher content of soursop leaf extract led to the smaller weight loss of timber. This was caused by the higher content of soursop leaf extract into the timber, the cavities in the timber cells became denser because it was filled by the amount of preservative (retention) from soursop leaf extracts. Therefore, the timber cells became denser.

The Analysis of Termite Attact Test of DurianTimber
The results of the termite test also showed that the weight loss of Durian timber was higher compared with the weight loss of Coconut timber. This is in accordance with the test results of water content and specific gravity of Durian timber and Coconut timber. The specific gravity of Coconut timber (0.53) was higher than that of Durian timber (0.43). The higher specific gravity led to the lower timber weight loss. On the other hand, the lower specific gravity of timber led to the higher loss weight of timber.  The result of analysis on timber resistance to termites based on weight loss, showed that the termite attack on coconut timber with soursop leaf extract at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% concentrations were presented in table 5.   Table 5 shows that Durian timber resistance at 0% -15% concentration is classified as bad, while 20% -25% is classified as medium. Table 6 shows that Coconut timber resistance at 0% -10% concentration is classified as bad, 15% -20% is classified as medium, while at 25% concentration is classified as resistant.
Based on the results in tables 5 and 6, it shows that there is a difference in resistance in Coconut timber and Durian timber for the same concentration. Durian timbers with concentrations of 20% and 25% were classified as medium. Meanwhile, Coconut timbers with concentration of 15% and 20% were classified as medium and 25% concentration was classified as resistant. This shows that the termite resistance of Coconut timber is higher than Durian timber.

Conclusions
Based on the results of research and data analysis on preservation of Durian timber and Coconut timber with soursop leaf extract can be concluded as follows