Characteristic of business environment of road construction in Russia

The article notes the importance of the subsystem of road construction in the national economy. The insufficiency of methodological support for assessing the environment of economic activity is indicated. Statistical data on the state of the Russian road network are presented, disproportions of its development are revealed and problems of road construction are diagnosed. The article provides an assessment and comparative analysis of the life cycle of road construction enterprises. The complex of indicators of assessment of the environment of activity of the enterprises of road construction is offered, results of calculation of density and renewability of the environment for a row of years are considered. The level of state regulation of investment and construction activities in relation to the transport system is discussed. The negative factors and directions of improving the environment of road construction enterprises in Russia are highlighted.


Introduction
The effective functioning of the road network is a prerequisite for the development, integrity and national security of the country. The development of the road network affects the degree of urbanization, demographic index, the level of production and technical development of the territory [1, 2, 3, etc.]. Construction and operation of the road network are subsystems of the national economy, the subjects of which operate in a certain socioeconomic environment. Independent studies of a variety of socio-economic environments are not sufficiently developed, statistical technologies are not provided or are provided fragmentally [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The purpose of these studies is to identify significant indicators of the environment of road construction enterprises and proposals for their assessment. The main research methods are the following: systematic approach, collection and processing of statistical data, retrospective analysis, time series analysis, identification of specific indicators of the environment and their transfer to the coefficient form.

Empirical part
The socio-economic development of Russia is constrained by the limitations of the road network: insufficient capacity, high degree of road wear, lag in the development of highways as part of international transport corridors, insufficient development of the road network in Siberia and the Far East.
In Russia, about 40% of public roads do not meet the regulatory requirements for transport and operational indicators. 56% of federal roads have unsatisfactory durability of pavement, 37% -unsatisfactory evenness of road surfaces, 36% -unsatisfactory coupling properties of road surfaces [11].
Analysis of the state of the Russian road network and road construction allows us to identify the problem area in the form of a significant system unevenness. 31 % of the total number of rural settlements of the Russian Federation with a total population of 2.6 million people have no connection with the transport network of the country on public roads with hard surface [12].
In the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East, the formation of the backbone road network has not been completed. In the Far North and equated territories, which occupy about 60% of the territory of the Russian Federation, there are less than 15% of roads, the density of paved roads is 15 times lower than in the whole of Russia [3,12,13].
The territorial and spatial imbalance is complemented by imbalances of a different nature -between the accelerated growth of motorization of the population, the volume of road transport and the length of the national road network.
Road infrastructure lags behind rates of change of GDP, the number of vehicles, the demand for transportation.
The annual amount of losses associated with insufficient development of the road network and its low technical condition exceeds 3% of Russia's GDP. The irrational development of the road network does not allow to fully master the territorial, natural resources and fuel and energy potential of Russia, to reduce transportation costs and to increase the competitiveness of road routes of the network of domestic and international roads.
The Russian road sector requires significant investment, but has low investment attractiveness. The applied procedure for financing the Russian transport sector is ineffective. The modern system of state regulation of the road sector is designed for a short period (3 years), the system of placement and budget financing of road works is ineffective.
The situation is compounded by inadequate regulations, questionable safeguards and a lack of systemic control. Diagnosis and generalization of problems at the micro level in relation to the subjects reveals the following problem areas: imperfection of tender, lack of real competition, late payment of works, a large debt of road workers, low reliability of equipment, etc.

Results
Analysis of statistical data [14] leads to the following conclusions. The current state of the investment and construction sector is characterized by a downward trend in the average length of stay of construction companies in the S&P 500 index. Currently, about 66% of russian construction companies have a life cycle of less than 15 years, the average age of the subjects of this type of activity is 15.96 years, which is lower than the average of the country's economy by 1.08 years ( Fig. 1).   (Fig. 2). Against the background of the lack of sustainable methods for assessing the socioeconomic environment and the activities of subjects in this environment, we believe it is possible to use the following set of indicators. Summary indicators of the environment: investment capacity, investment attractiveness, market capacity, solvent demand, financial security, tax incentives, business efficiency, regulatory security, institutional efficiency, innovation activity, competition, etc.  Fig. 3 where -number of subjects of activity at the beginning of the period, -number of subjects newly registered in the period, -number of entities liquidated in the period. The coefficient of updatability of the environment can be considered as an integral indicator of other coefficients of structural dynamics of the environment: the coefficient of occurrence of subjects, the coefficient of liquidation of subjects, the replacement coefficient Investment and construction sphere is the leader in the characteristic of updatability [14, 17, etc.]. Statistical data show that the coefficient of environmental renewability has a significant tendency to increase (Fig. 4).

Discussion
The decrease in the life cycle of the subjects of enterprisers, the dynamics of density and the coefficient of renewal of the business environment, the change in the number of bankruptcies, the decrease in the capitalization of the largest subjects indicate a high degree of asymmetry of the subject-environment relations in construction. The activity of road construction subjects, as the highest form of activity development, is based on a complex of interrelated internal and external resources, reflects existing and forms future forms of systemic relations [18, etc.]. The institutional component of the environment in the form of state regulation plays an important role in these processes of system development (table 2). Analysis of the Russian system of strategic planning reveals weaknesses that have development trends in external threats. To a greater extent, this applies to the industry level [19]: the lack of forecasting, copying and duplication of Federal or regional planning processes, violation of consistency, lack of regulatory support, etc. (Figures 5 and 6).
In   This decrease in funding led to the exhaustion of previously established technological reserves and a decrease in the volume of commissioning of roads.
Thus, the main factors that had a negative impact on the implementation of measures and achievements of the planned values of the indicators of the Transport strategy (for goal 1 "Formation of a single transport space of Russia on the basis of a balanced advanced development of effective transport infrastructure") are the following indicators of the environment: insufficient volumes of public funding and low investment activity in the transport sector, associated with the high cost of Russian credit resources and the sanctions restriction of access of Russian companies to cheap foreign credit resources.

Conclusion
The indicators presented in the article indicate the low quality of the environment of the russian road construction enterprises. In further work, we believe to investigate the factors that can have a significant positive impact on the development of the business environment and the creation of conditions for the effective functioning of road construction enterprises:

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-development and testing of methods of integrated assessment of the environment of road construction enterprises in order to manage the environment and improve the performance of Russian road construction enterprises, -improvement of mechanisms of the state order with strengthening of control, subsidizing by the state of part of design tasks of road construction, -expansion of mechanisms to attract extra-budgetary sources, development of alternative forms of implementation of road construction projects, -management of road construction enterprises on an innovative basis -vector regulation of development.