Features of modern architecture of the capital cities of the Tyumen region

The article considers the organization’s peculiarities of the regional architecture of the Tyumen region cities. This article contains shot materials about the features of the regional architecture in the context of its organization both for individual administrative and territorial features, and in relation to the specifics of the region's economic and production potentials. As the most vivid example for carrying out the synthetic analysis, the capital cities of the administrative territorial units of the Tyumen region were taken: the south of the Tyumen region Tyumen, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District (Yugra) Khanty-Mansiysk, the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Salekhard. In recent times of the development of human society, the processes of globalization and unification are increasingly manifesting themselves. The underlined identity, expressed in the involvement of "global", "fashionable", "stylish" and "modern", leads first of all to the fact that once someone caught images and stylistic devices begin to massively replicate, despite the relevance of their application in that or otherwise. All this negatively affects not only the quality of urban architecture, but also the quality of life in a modern city. At the same time, there is a decline in individual, authoritative characteristics of architecture, the imagery, originality, harmony and contextuality of architecture developed under the influence of natural and climatic factors, cultural peculiarities and functional economic orientation of regions are lost. [1, 8] Therefore, one of the main problems of the development of modern architecture is the search for those unique features of regional architectural schools and new traditions that will allow us to talk about the formation of a new regional architecture. Globally this problem is not something new. The experiments of the French functionalists led by Le Corbusier have not been forgotten; practically all Russian cities have "monuments of architecture standardization" of 60-80 years. XX century are reflected in the same way in culture. Back in 2002, the World Architectural Congress noted the need to change this situation. In particular, it was said that "now, as never before, it is required to preserve the regional architecture, applying to it modern innovative approaches and solutions ..." [23] Drawing a parallel with reality, it should be noted that in this regard the Tyumen region is one of the most interesting objects for studying the development of modern regional architecture. This contributes to several factors that distinguish it from a number of other * Corresponding author: archi-zoom@yandex.ru © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). MATEC Web of Conferences 212, 04013 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821204013 ICRE 2018

In recent times of the development of human society, the processes of globalization and unification are increasingly manifesting themselves.The underlined identity, expressed in the involvement of "global", "fashionable", "stylish" and "modern", leads first of all to the fact that once someone caught images and stylistic devices begin to massively replicate, despite the relevance of their application in that or otherwise.All this negatively affects not only the quality of urban architecture, but also the quality of life in a modern city.At the same time, there is a decline in individual, authoritative characteristics of architecture, the imagery, originality, harmony and contextuality of architecture developed under the influence of natural and climatic factors, cultural peculiarities and functional economic orientation of regions are lost.[1,8] Therefore, one of the main problems of the development of modern architecture is the search for those unique features of regional architectural schools and new traditions that will allow us to talk about the formation of a new regional architecture.
Globally this problem is not something new.The experiments of the French functionalists led by Le Corbusier have not been forgotten; practically all Russian cities have "monuments of architecture standardization" of 60-80 years.XX century are reflected in the same way in culture.Back in 2002, the World Architectural Congress noted the need to change this situation.In particular, it was said that "now, as never before, it is required to preserve the regional architecture, applying to it modern innovative approaches and solutions ..." [23] Drawing a parallel with reality, it should be noted that in this regard the Tyumen region is one of the most interesting objects for studying the development of modern regional architecture.This contributes to several factors that distinguish it from a number of other equally significant and interesting territories in Russia.Firstly, the Tyumen region, having received its initial maximum development during the development of oil and gas reserves of the North, has become a depository of the most advanced and as it is now customary to say "innovative" in the field of architecture and town planning.Nowhere in the world has so many new cities been built, whose tasks already included the formation of a comfortable environment for staying in an extremely aggressive environment.A huge scientific contribution to the development of northern architecture was made by such outstanding architects and scientists as Saprykina N.A. [15,16], Poluy B.M. [14], Stankevsky V.D. [17], Zimin L.I. [26], Neifakh L.S., Shvetsova I.V., Glazychev V.L., Pyurveev D.V., Stepanov A.V., Panfilov A.V. [9,10,12], Sakharov A.N. and many others.It should be noted that after the formation of the scientific and architectural base in the 70-80s of the last century, in the future the question of the development of the architecture of these territories was practically not raised.
Specific issues of regional architecture, as well as on the perception of architecture and architectural space dedicated to research as Perkova M.V. [13], Esaulov G.V. [2], Day C. [1], Hunt J. [4], Ikonnikov A.V. [5], Kartashova K.K. [6], Panfilov A.V. [11], Shubenkov M.V. [19,20], Vavilonskaya T.V. [21,22] Secondly, the architecture of the Tyumen region was a kind of boiler, in which the traditions of many architectural schools were mixed: specialists from Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), Moscow, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Kharkov, Voronezh, etc. worked on the cities of the Tyumen region.e.At the same time, it should be noted that each of them, introducing his own author's vision, did not forget about the already existing national and cultural traditions, natural and climatic conditions, and the specific features of labor that are beginning to be formed in the local territories.Moreover, do not forget that in its time, many professionals and volunteers from all the republics of the former Soviet Union arrived to develop Tyumen oil, which also contributed to the formation of a new image of the cities of the oil region.
Thirdly, and this has become more noticeable in recent decades, under the influence of various factors, each of the regions of the Tyumen Region has its own architectural appearance: the Regional Center -the city of Tyumen, the capital of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District, and Salekhard -the capital Yamal.Having received in due time the relative independence and financial independence of the capital of the autonomous regions, like Tyumen itself, they began to seek their own self-identification in the global architectural world.Considering the enormous importance of the natural resources extracted here, the need to provide a living and working population in these territories with a quality residential environment and the social and social infrastructure of the city came first.
Fourth, but no less important for the formation of a holistic picture of the architectural image of the region, is its component such as shift camps and mobile architecture, respectively.It is worth noting that a significant proportion of scientific research in the field of architecture and urban planning was devoted to this particular element.At present, this element of architecture is gaining popularity again, however, in a different way.Mobile architecture, which has become the prototype of adaptive architecture, is a new testing ground for the development of innovative technological solutions in the field of SMART architecture and urban planning and in the field of transformable architectural solutions.[2,25] Mobile architecture also allows in practice to test and apply additive technologies.
Returning to the question of the peculiarities of the architecture of separate, in this case, metropolitan cities of the Tyumen region, one should note the uneven historical development of the architecture of its constituent territories.In part, this may be due to the varying degrees of importance of a particular region in each particular architectural period.Within the framework of this article, we will consider a rather short historical period, beginning with the beginning of the new millennium and up to the present day.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of a new Russian statehood, the Tyumen region became the country's main financial breadbasket, as it was able to develop.At the same time, the functional purpose of each of their three regions became clearly identified: Tyumen -an administrative and business center with a function of the transport hub of the region, which assumed the function of providing the region with high-quality personnel; Yugra is an oil barn, Yamal is the main deposit of natural gas and gas condensate.Based on the identified distribution of the region's roles, the wave-like movement of activation of architectural activity in its various parts becomes clear.The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District was the first to feel the beginning of the formation of its new subregional architecture.It was there, in the capital city of Khanty-Mansiysk, and the most striking architectural objects that appeared at the turn of the millenniums are: the Boarding-College Arts Center for Gifted Children of the North (1997), the Khanty-Mansiysk Airport Air Terminal (2001, Img.1a), the Stela-commemorative sign to the "Discoverers of the Yugra Land" [18] (a group of architects and artists A.Asadov, P. Petushkov, S. Terekhov, S. Peyda, N. Kancheli, N. Lyubimov, K. Saprichan, 2003, Fig. 1d), Hotel complex "Cronwell Resort "Yugorskaya Dolina" [4] (a group of architects led by A. Kosinsky, 2003, Fig. 1b), Concert and theatrical center "Ugra-Classic" (architect O. Mamleev, 2001-2004, Fig. 2a), Commerce and Business Center "Guest House" (architect Kazakov, 2006, Fig. 1c), Cultural and Entertainment Complex "Arena Ugra" (2008, Fig. 2b) and the Ugra Chess Academy (architect Eric Egerat baths, 2010, Fig. 2c).If we carry out a comparative analysis of the formation of data and a number of other objects of the city, it becomes obvious that the authors of architectural projects are tied to the territorial symbols of Ugra.In one case, it is a viscous plastic mass of an oil drop frozen in its motion.In the other -an active rapid pyramidal form, originating in the national dwelling of indigenous peoples of Ugra and in the surrounding fir and larch.
The next city on our list is the capital of the region -Tyumen.This city developed simultaneously in several directions: first, as the capital's capital, and therefore the administrative, business and cultural center of the region, secondly, as a "basic" city, assuming the task of providing an increasingly large population with housing.An additional impetus to the development of its own regional architectural school was the opening in 1994 of the Department of Architecture on the basis of the Tyumen Architecture and Construction University (now Tyumen Industrial University).
In Tyumen most clearly manifested properties of the very "global architectural boiler" in which the modern architecture of Tyumen was being formed.Not only that in the architecture of Tyumen different schools from the whole territory of the former Soviet Union interacted and complemented each other, but in this dispute there was born its own and not unlike an architectural school [24].In this regard, Tyumen, like New York, can be called a city of contrasts: cozy quarters of old architecture, ensembles of the Stalin era and modern skyscrapers are all here.City as an office, city as a shopping center, always hurrying and restless.In the earlier period, the city actively developed and built.In the beginning, it was a low, mostly brick architecture, with developed plastics.Gradually, with the acquisition of their own spiritual freedom, the architects began to create bright, bold projects in the spirit of the latest world trends.Thus, the projects of the "Art Palace" (architect I. Zimnevich, 1999) and the Slovtsov Museum complex (the beginning of construction 1996), a complex of buildings of the business center "GazOil-Plaza" and the Research Institute of the Territorial Infectious Pathology, there appeared shopping centers ("Southern" 2003, "Goodwin" "2005) and others.In early 2000, the city began to grow rapidly and by 2010 it had crossed the threshold of 25 floors.Since then, the architecture of the city began to develop in several parallel directions: working with the plastic form of buildings, with their color decision or following the new architectural tendencies of the dry and harsh architecture of Northern Europe.On this wave there were several stylized objects: "Lake Arcades"(architect А. Tabanakov,), "Green House" (Architectural and Engineering Group "IST"), "House on the Embankment" (architect V. Panfilov, A. Panfilov), etc. Taking into account the constantly increasing tendency to increase the number of residents (the number of residents has increased by more than 50% over the last 15 years), the main type of residential development was a multi-storey residential building, later evolving into a multi-functional residential complex.At the same time, the architecture of business and shopping centers developed.Speaking about the architecture of the city of Tyumen, it is worth noting that the trend towards the introduced architecture has not diminished, and objects in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and even foreign projects are actively being built in cities.At the same time, a large amount of housing put into operation requires the formation of each new object or complex of its own unique originality, which sometimes results in a flash of violence of colors or, conversely, goes into cold stone dullness.
The situation with the architecture of Salekhard wich is the capital of Yamal is completely different.It is the smallest of the capital cities of the Tyumen region with a population of 50,000 people.Here the main boom of modern architecture fell in the second half of the period under consideration, when construction began on the banks of the Shaytanka River.However, the first half was not deprived of iconic objects.By the beginning of the 2000s, the reconstruction of the Obdorskiy Ostrog (Img.6a), the construction of the cable-stayed bridge across the Shaytanka River (Img.7b), and the active construction of modern multistorey residential and public buildings were part of the project.It is noteworthy that here, unlike the capital of Ugra, the style of shaping and plastics of architectural solutions went quite differently.With all the similarity of the functional economic use of the territory, fundamentally common stylistic decisions of indigenous cultures of the North, modern architecture has acquired its own unique imagery.In it, the aesthetics of fire began to be present -more precisely, the languages of flames and gas torches.Examples of such architecture we can see both in the decorative design of public buildings -the administration of Salekhard city (Img.7a), and in residential buildings (Img.8a-c) located on the central streets of the city.A similar appeal to the flaming image can also be seen in the headquarters of Gazprom in St. Petersburg (Img.7d).

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Architecture of Salekhard.Public and administrative buildings: A -The building of the administration of Salekhard, B -Bridge "Torch" across the river Shaytanka, C -The building of the "Yamalpotrebsoyuz", D -"Lahta-centre" (headquarters of Gazprom in St. Petersburg).