Ergonomic Evaluation of Smart Navigation System for Riding on Motorcycle

A smart navigation device could be provided to keep riders’ eyes safely on the road while riding on motorcycle. Present study surveyed the riding behaviors and examined the fifteen design factors about navigation device and determined the priority of each factor. Further, navigation device have been evaluated on road. A total of 550 questionnaires were dispatched, with a response rate of 89 % (n = 491). Results of factor analysis showed the six dimensions of prediction information, real-time information, brand and appearance, cost, functionality, efficacy and utility. Further, the highest priority design factors of smart navigation device are reminder for speeding camera, intersection name of next turn, distance of next turn, lane guide and map guide line. After navigation device have been evaluated on road, the smart device that effortlessly guides rider through the safest and most enjoyable riding routes with intuitive light patterns. Results of this study could provide the information for the design of the smart navigation device for riding on motorcycle.


Introduction
According to the statistics data on numbers of motorcycle from the Ministry of Transportations and Communications in September 2017, there are about 13,768,921 registered motorcycles.There are 1,056 traffic accidents occurred in category A1 (1,126 deaths and 570 injuries).Mainly 94.41% (n = 997) of traffic accidents caused by drivers' fault, because drivers did not pay attention to front vehicle states (n = 289), not complying with the regulations to yield the vehicles (n = 149), and in violation of traffic sign control or command (n = 64).Among the accidental deaths caused by all types of vehicles, motorcycling has the highest proportion (44.98%) on statistics data from January to September 2017.Motorcyclists are about 26-times more likely per vehicle mile traveled to die and 5-times more likely to be injured in a crash, compared to passenger car occupants [1].Wu and Wu [2] investigated the adolescents in school and uses statistical method to analyze the relative factors.The results showed that the riding behaviors on adolescents are affected by personality traits, parental education, incorrect riding styles among peers, and the positive news reports.In addition, results of previous study showed that the proportional hazards model showed that after controlling for age, gender, and riding distance, older riders who had sustained hearing impairment (hazard ratio, HR) =2.58; rode a motorcycle at speeds of ≥41 km/h (HR= 2.31) and had experienced a motorcycle crash in the past year (HR =1.81) were more likely to be involved in a crash, compared to their counterparts.
Traffic accidents mainly due to unsafe conditions and unsafe behaviors.However, distractions have been present since driving began.Given the continuous, widespread and increasing use of mobile phone, however, people have become very concerned about drivers distraction resulting from mobile phone.Results of a literature review showed that concurrent mobile phone use increases the overall level of cognitive and physical demand, inevitably reducing allocation of attention to the driving task, with consequent impact on driving performance [3].Thus, unsafe behaviors might occur while riding motorcycle with use of mobile phone.Navigation systems play an important role in many vital disciplines.Determining the location of a user relative to its physical environment is an important part.Now, smartphones as navigation is a better way because the mapping is so easy and intuitive.Smart phones could quickly download detailed maps of any country in the world which are easy to zoom in and out of, move around, and create points of interest on.However, riding motorcycle should keep the eyes on the road.How the use of smart phones as a navigation system distracted cycling or riding motorcycle?Present study surveyed the riding behaviors and examined the fifteen design factors about navigation device and determined the priority of each factor.Further, navigation device have been evaluated on road.

Materials and Methods
The present study consisted of two stages.In the first stage, a questionnaire was used to survey the design factors of navigation system with respect to riding https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820101009ICI 2017 behaviors.In the second stage, navigation device have been evaluated on road.

Questionnaire survey
The questionnaire was designed to determine the design factors of navigation system while riding motorcycle.Questionnaire involved five parts about background of participant, riding motorcycle behaviors, purchase navigation system, provided information of navigation system, design factors of navigation system.What information is expected from the navigation assistance system?There are fifteen factors to design of navigation system and determine the priority of each factor.The design factors involved durability, power consumption, operational convenience, brightness, size, modelling, auxiliary equipment, brand, repair prices, failure rate, price, endurance, functionality, quality, and waterproof.Rating of the design attributes was accomplished via a 5point Likert-type scale: (1) strongly disagree, (2) disagree, (3) neither agree nor disagree, (4) agree, and (5) strongly agree.After rating, principal component analysis with varimax rotation was used for classification of the descriptors into factors.

Ergonomic evaluation
A navigation tool have been evaluated on road (Hammerhead H1, USA).This smart device that effortlessly guides riders through the safest and most enjoyable routes with intuitive light patterns.Get the information that rider need through the corner of eye and keep rider's eyes safely on the road.Further, the Hammerhead App software and usability have been evaluated as follow [4,5]: (1) Learnability: A system should allow users to reach acceptable performance levels within a specified time.
(2) Effectiveness: Acceptable performance should be achieved by a defined proportion of the user population, over a specified range of tasks and in a specified range of environments.(3) Attitude: Acceptable performance should be achieved within acceptable human costs, in terms of fatigue, stress, frustration, discomfort and satisfaction.(4) Flexibility: The product should be able to deal with a range of tasks beyond those first specified.(5) Task match: In addition to the LEAF (Learnability, Effectiveness, Attitude and Flexibility) precepts set out above, a usable product should exhibit an acceptable match between the functions provided by the system and the needs and requirements of the user.Furthermore, this navigation tool have been evaluated on road from St. John's University to Tamsui MRT station (10 Km).The experiment was conducted in an electric scooter (Gogoro Plus, Gogoro Limited, Taiwan).Dimension of the electric scooter is 1,730 mm x 690 mm x 1,215 mm (Length x Width x Height) and seat height is 745 mm.Gross weight with two batteries is 112 kg.Maximum power output is 6,400W at 3,250 rpm (Figure 1). 3 Results

Design of information and factors
Table 1 showed that riders need to consider information while using navigation system and sorting from high to low.The information of reminder for speeding camera, next turn-intersection name, next turn-reminder for distance, next turn-intersection figure or icon, lane guide should be provided in high priority.

Factors analysis
For the factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.841 and Bartlett's test of sphericity showed that the factor model was appropriate (p < 0.001 and KMO > 0.5).For the principle components analysis with varimax rotation, the attributes were classified into six major factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.The six dimensions explained 65.3% of the internal variance.

Ergonomic evaluated
For learnability evaluation of navigation APP software, pair device (Bluetooth) is easy in first time as follow the on-screen instructions.After connect the device, the software provided the demo of light patterns.For example, light patterns involved about keep going forward, next turn on your right, turn right now, next turn on your left, turn left now, slight left now, slight right now, U-turn on the right, U-turn on the left, end ride, arrived the destination, re-routing, error etc. it is good design (Figure 2).For software analysis, the navigation system has only three hierarchies [5].Open the navigation program showed the map first.Selecting the menu icon in left bottom, screen showed the other selection in fist hierarchy (route history, settings, import GPX and device).Route history showed the previous riding route and could edit and sort by date, distance, elevation, time and name.Four functions on settings involved preferences (unit selection), integration (connect with Strava's global community of athletes), help (Frequently asked question, contact us, device patterns) and about us (about us, privacy policy, licenses, version, rate app).Next function is the "import GPX".GPX, or GPS Exchange Format, is an XML schema designed as a common GPS data format for software applications.It can be used to describe waypoints, tracks, and routes.
MATEC Web of Conferences 201, 01009 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820101009ICI 2017 Last function is "Device" that involved connection status, device battery level, serial number and firmware version.For usability analysis, some comments could be provided as follow: (1) considering the task match, the function of "Import GPX" is highly related to the map or route history.In addition, "Strava" could also move to route history; (2) function of "Help" could be move to the first hierarchy.The function of "About us" should be under the function of "Help"; (3) the function of "Device patterns" should be moved to "Device" in first hierarchy Figure 3).
A navigation tool have been evaluated on road by riding electric scooter.First, the current location is St. John's University.After searching the destination of Tamsui MRT station and selecting the correct item, the riding route is showed on screen (Figure 1a).However, navigation system did not provide the alternative route for flexibility choice of rider.The route planning could depend on the shortest path, optimal time, or elevation variation.In addition, direction indicator of light pattern are difficult to identify clearly between next turn on your left (right) and turn left (right) now.In addition to light identification, the light color also need to use.The amber (yellow) light could be described the attention and warning to be prepared to turn.The green light could be presented the turning now.Furthermore, navigation device might provide the sound patterns for redundant design of indication.

Discussion
Navigation systems are very useful tools because they display a rider's location and guide them to a destination using graphics, text and voice information.Safety concerns have prompted designers of route guidance and information systems to make more use of an 'audible interface' to convey guidance instructions.The study of Jackson [6] examined that participants watched video footage of journeys through an unfamiliar area, while hearing guidance that linked direction instructions to landmarks visible at the decision point.Results showed that heard these amended instructions performed significantly better than other groups at a wide range of tasks designed to measure the spatial knowledge that they had acquired.This group performed better than groups who heard nothing, and groups who heard full guidance.Lee and Cheng [7] explore whether the efficiency to destination and driver behavior were distinguishable when using a portable navigation system compared to a paper map.The results revealed that the drivers performed better when using a portable navigation system compared to those using a paper map, in terms of efficiency to destination and driving performance.In addition, drivers could save time and gasoline using a portable navigation system when in an unfamiliar region, and driving performance may be safer, despite the fact that the display screen of the phone is small.Liu and Wu [8] explore the effect factors on driver's route choice behavior by factor analysis and compared the driver's route planning with electronic map and the shortest path algorithm.The results of factor analysis revealed that traffic environment, interference, change direction, traffic hazard, convenient, the number of lanes and distance/time were important components of route choice behavior.The driver's route planning did not depend only on distance or time factor.Present study indicated that results of factor analysis showed the six dimensions of prediction information, real-time information, brand and appearance, cost, functionality, efficacy and utility.In addition, the highest priority design factors of smart navigation device are reminder for speeding camera, intersection name of next turn, distance of next turn, lane guide and map guide line.Those factors could consider in design of navigation system.

Discussion
Providing the smart device that effortlessly guides rider through the safest and most enjoyable routes is an important issue.Riders get the navigation information and need to keep eyes safely on the road.Navigation device simplifies the map complex information to provide the direction guidance only.Six dimensions of prediction information, real-time information, brand and appearance, cost, functionality, efficacy and utility should be considered in design of navigation system.Further, the highest priority design factors of smart navigation device are reminder for speeding camera, intersection name of next turn, distance of next turn, lane guide and map guide line.Applied the light patterns with sound alarm is a better design for navigation device.Results of this study could provide the information for the design of the smart navigation device for riding motorcycle.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Navigation tool have been evaluated on road: (a) Navigation map from St. John's University to Tamsui MRT station (10 Km); (b) On road testing by riding the electric scooter.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2.The demo of light patterns: (a) tap the icons to demo the light patterns; (b) the light patterns of device.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.The system structure of navigation APP software.

Table 2
Riders need to consider information while using navigation system.

Table 2 .
Riders need to consider design factors while using navigation system.