Quantification of the noise charges for the selected road network sections

. Road traffic is the most used kind of transportation which has a lot of benefits. Except of these benefits, the road traffic causes a lot of negative impacts like a congestions, air pollution and noise. The proposal of European Parliament is reduction of these impacts by their inclusion to the road charges. In the annex of amending directive 1999/62ES are stated prices for congestion and external costs. If the member state wants higher amount like are stated, they have to be calculated. One element of external costs is noise costs. Noise from road transport causes health problems and has annoying effect to people. In this article, it was processed proposal of noise charges quantification, which consist of a few steps. This process was applied for quantifying noise charges with real values for Slovakia and Slovenia.


Introduction
Using of road infrastructure brings to society considerable costs. They are caused mainly by congestions, noise and air pollution. Current charging of roads does not reflect real costs of roads use. The proposal of European Parliament is inclusion these external costs to charging roads as a tool for their reduction. This proposal is listed in proposal of amending directive 1999/62ES about charging of heavy goods vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures. In annex of amending directive gives the references amount of fee for congestion, noise and air pollution.
The one element of the external costs is noise costs. The noise can be defined as the unwanted sound which causes physical or psychological harm to humans. Road traffic noise has disturbing effects and causes discomfort, inconvenience and health damages. The proposal of the directive is to charge roads where are the noise levels too high and have negative impact on people. This noise charging should be a tool for noise reduction from road traffic on specified roads sections. Inter alia, the higher fees of road charging will bring higher amount of financial funds to the state which may be used for improvement of road infrastructure. In case when the state wants to apply higher amount of fee of external costs than are given in the annex, the amount has to be computing. In the annex of the https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604047 XXVII R-S-P Seminar 2018, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering directive are listed conditions and equation for their quantifying. In this article is processed the proposal of noise charges quantification. This proposal was processed in a several steps, which are based on equation from the annex. The proposal of quantification was applied on real example and the final noise charges were calculated for Slovakia and Slovenia.

Current charging of road infrastructure in Slovakia
Charging of road infrastructure in Slovakia is divided according type of vehicle, i.e. for light and heavy cars. The light cars (max. to 3,5 tons) have to have electronic vignette. This vignette is necessary for motorways and expressways. At present are available three options of motorway vignettes: 10 days, 30 days and 1 year vignette. The heavy cars (more than 3,5 tons) have to pay electronic toll. 9 The toll is the payment calculated electronically according travelled distance. The prices are listed in € per kilometre. Prices are divided according vehicle category (lorries and buses), emission class and number of axles. The amount of toll rates depends also from road category. The toll rates are divided for three categories: Motorways and Expressways, I. class roads parallel to motorways and expressways and I. class roads not parallel to motorways and expressways. The II. and III. road class are not charged in Slovakia. 9

Proposal of the amending directive
The proposal of the amending directive 1999/62/ES is fairly charging of road infrastructure. At present, toll in EU is fragmented and almost at all does not reflect real costs of road using. The aim of this proposal is to promote sustainable and equitable road transport by principles "user pays" and "polluter pays". The main negative impacts from road transport, which should be charged, are congestion, noise and air pollution. This charging should be effective tool for their reduction. 1 2

Minimum requirements of external costs charging
In annex (IIIa) of the DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directive 1999/62/EC on the charging of heavy goods vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures, are stated minimal requirements for levying an externalcost charge. If member state wants higher charge of external costs, they have to be quantifying according stated requirements for quantifying maximal charge of external costs stated in this annex. 1 2

Charged elements of external costs
The proposal is reduce negative impact form road transport. The main negative impacts, which affect human health and environment, are air pollution and noise. These elements of external costs are proposed for roads charging. 1

The charged parts of road network
The member state defines part or parts of road network which will be charged. These parts shall be chosen after an assessment establishing, where will be investigated if: -the use of roads by vehicles cause damages the environment more than average of this assessed damages (in accordance with reporting of air quality, national emissions and noise, in accordance with Directive 2002/49/EC), or MATEC Web of Conferences 196, 04047 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604047 XXVII R-S-P Seminar 2018, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering -the introduction of external costs charges might have adverse effects on the environment and road safety, or levying and collecting an external-cost charge on them would entail disproportionate cost. 2

The charge amount
In the annex IIIb of the amending directive are stated reference values for external costs charge. These values include together costs of noise and air pollution. In annex IIIb are two tables: the first table is for heavy goods vehicles and the second is for coaches. The reference values are divided according vehicle class (weight in tons and number of axles), emission class (EURO 0, I, II ...) and locality (suburban and interurban). The suburban areas means areas with a population density between 150 and 900 inhabitants per km2 and the interurban areas means areas with a population density below 150 inhabitants per km2.
The reference values are stated in € cents per vehicle kilometre. In next table is showed part of reference values of external costs charge for heavy goods vehicles. 2

Proposal of quantifying higher amount of noise charge
In general, the noise causes health problems and has annoying effects for people. The road transport is the one of the main resource of noise. The proposal of European Parliament is to reduce noise from road, and thereby reduce damages of health like a cardiovascular diseases, increase blood pressure, nervous stress issues, etc. This reduction should be reached by road charges. The result of the quantifying is to determine single specific amount for each vehicle class, type of road and time period. The resulting charging structure shall be transparent, made public and available to all users on equal terms. All parameters, data and other information, which are necessary for understanding method of calculation amount of noise costs, have to be published. 1 2 The stated prices in the annex IIIb are sum of external costs, i.e. noise and air pollution costs. When the state wants higher amount of charge than are stated, they have to be quantifying according requirements listed in annex IIIa. When setting the charges, the Member State or, where appropriate, an independent authority shall be guided by the NCVj noise costs of one heavy goods vehicle on road type "j" [€/vkm] NCjk noise costs per person exposed on road type "j" to noise level "k" [€/person] POPk population exposed to daily noise level "k" per kilometre[person/km] WADT weighted average daily traffic [passenger car equivalent] "a" a "b" are weighting factors determined by the Member State in such a way that the resulting weighted average noise charge per vehicle kilometre corresponds to NCVj (daily). [2] The noise pollution from the road traffic relates to the impact on citizens health around the roads. The process of quantifying noise charges from road transport is based on the equation (1). According this equation and requirements listed in the annex IIIa were processed steps for the quantification of noise charges which are showed below. 2

Steps for quantification of noise charges
Here are showed suggested steps for quantification of noise charges, in case, when the member state wants higher amounts of noise charges. 1. STEP -choice of road section Member state shall determine each road sections, where will be applied noise charges. The proposal is that these road sections will be chosen according strategic noise maps. Every member state has to have strategic noise maps according directive 2002/49/EC. These maps have been made for roads, where the annual road traffic is more than 6 million vehicles. On this base, state shall determine areas with the high noise levels, where the people and inhabitants are considerable affected. 2. STEP -amount of people exposed to road traffic noise Information about noise exposed people will be taken from strategic noise maps. The amount of exposed people will be divided according noise classes. The noise classes are determined by noise levels: 55-59 dB, 60-64 dB, 65-69 dB, 70-74 dB and more than 75 dB. The exposed people of noise will be stated in number per kilometre of road for each noise class. 4 3. STEP -the value of costs for noise exposed people The value of costs per exposed person will be estimated by the member state or using scientifically proven methods. At present, there are a many methodical handbooks for noise costs in EU, for example: The prices from TOP DOWN approach can be used for quantifying noise charges. The listed prices are from year 2010. It is necessary these prices edit to the current year. It will be made according GDP growth per capita of the member state. 4. STEP -traffic intensity Traffic intensity is another important parameter for quantification noise charges. Every member state has information about road traffic on road network. In the equation 1 is stated average daily traffic -ADDT in passenger car equivalent -WADT. The recalculation to passenger car equivalent will be done by conversion factors. At the next table are stated the calculation coefficient which are from Technical conditions TP 102 of Slovak Road Administration. 7 Note: In special cases, after weighing the length of the kits, a conversion factor of 3 is allowed.

STEP -costs allocation for each vehicle type
The results of this quantification are costs for each vehicle class for urban and suburban locality. In general, heavy vehicles cause higher level of noise than passenger cars. It is necessary take into account this fact. Quantification the amount for each vehicle class will be done by weighting factors. These weighting factors are also stated in mentioned handbooks of external costs. At the next table are stated weighting factors for each vehicle class which are divided to urban and suburban roads. 4 6.

Example of quantification of noise charges for Slovakia and Slovenia
For better understanding, the example of noise charges quantification is listed below. The noise charges were quantified for two countries: Slovakia and Slovenia. This quantification was made in the excel software. Input parameters about road, exposed people and traffic intensity are fictional (these data are not from real road section). These data are same for both countries. Data about noise costs, weighting factors and real DGP growth are real according stated data for both countries. The used data are listed below.

Data about road communication and traffic intensity
The type of road is I. class road. The road length is 6 kilometres and it is situated in urban area. In table 4 is listed average daily traffic (AADT) and its recalculation to passenger car equivalent (WADT). The recalculation coefficients are from technical conditions TP 102 of Slovak Road Administration. 7 Data about road communication and also data about traffic intensity are fictional.

Data about exposed people of traffic noise
Here are listed data about number of exposed people according noise classes. These data are stated for whole road length and data recalculated to per 1 km of road. These data are also fictional.  These prices are necessary edit to actual year according to the growth of real gross domestic product per capita with elasticity 0.7. The values for GDP growth per capita for both countries were taken over from EUROSTAT website. 8 The noise costs were edited after the GDP growth had been quantified. The edited prices are listed in table 8.

Weighting factors
The weighting factors were taken from handbook of external costs. In the table 9 are stated values for urban area.6

Quantification of noise charges for Slovakia and Slovenia
The quantification was made in excel software according the stated equation 1. Noise charges were quantified after the all necessary data had been inputted. In next table (Table  10)

Conclusion
The proposal of noise costs charging has its justification. Noise causes health problems and has annoying impacts to inhabitants. The implementation of noise charges has an importance mainly in inhabited areas, where road traffic causes high levels of noise. In case, when the stated prices in annex IIIb are not adequate, it is necessary quantify noise charges according equation stated in annex IIIa. The stated equation for noise charges looks simple, but it requires necessary a lot of data for its quantification. The data are about road communication, traffic intensity, noise levels, number of exposed people, noise costs, etc. Every member state should has available these data. For example, the data about exposed people to noise will be taken from strategic noise maps, which are compulsory for roads with annual road traffic more than 6 million. These maps are obligatory for member states according directive 2002/49/EC.
The main objective of this article was processing the proposal of quantification of noise charges. This quantification was processed in few steps, which were applied to real quantification of noise charges for Slovakia and Slovenia. The difference in quantification was in used noise costs and growth of GDP per capita. The results of this quantification are noise charges for both countries. According these results, we can say, that Slovenian noise charges are higher than Slovak. This is caused by higher input data of noise costs.