Features of calculations of the limit cost of high-rise constructions for housing and civil purposes with the use of consolidated standards

When determining the cost of capital construction objects, for purposes of pre-investment workings out and purposes of initial maximum initial price determination on tenders, construction price norms are used (CPNs). Modern CPNs are not designed to determine the value of high-rise buildings. It is necessary to adapt modern CPNs to get opportunity for the possibility to take into account special cost factors in determining the cost of high-rise buildings. The main ways can be: selection of new representative objects or application of additional correction factors.


Introduction
High rise construction is a priority in modern urban environment. International experience of modern cities building shows that buildings of 30-50 floors are the most justifiable from economic point of view due to the high cost of land and high density of construction. Landmarks for high-rise construction in major cities are caused by a high deficit of the territory for construction, including a deficit of office and hotel areas, which are more reasonable to place in high-rise buildings. [1] High-rise constructions in not used widely in Russia yet, but it is actively developed. There are a lot of finished projects in Russian cities, which can be the evidence. [2] Construction of high-rise buildings for housing and civil purposes is a huge multi-stage process, in which, at the planning stage of future work, it is often necessary to know how much the construction of the planned project will cost. At present, the task of developing and introducing aggregated cost indicators of construction of buildings and structures to the construction industry is more acute than ever. The need to use such indicators is dictated by emerging economic issues at the stages of developing an investment project. The most convenient option in this situation is the compilation of an estimate for the aggregated standards for the price of constructive solutions (SPCS) and construction price norms (CPNs), which allows the maximum construction cost to be determined as accurately as possible without making a detailed estimate. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] What is the difference between SPCS and CPNs, and on what stages are they necessary?

State-of-the-Art
Standards for the price of constructive solutions (SPCS)show the amount of funds to build separate construction elements of the object calculated per unit of measurement. SPCS are used at the design stage as a rule.
CPNs at its turnshow the amount of funds necessary and sufficient to build capital building object, calculated per unit of measurement. CPNs are used in the planning, investment and design stages. In this article we will consider the purpose and technology of compiling budget estimates with the help of CPNs for building construction as a whole. Also we will find out why is necessary to use it.
CPNs compilations are used for:  investment planning for capital investments;  assessment of the effectiveness of the use of funds directed to capital investments;  preparation of technical and economical significates in the designing task;  investment project design  justification of the cost of construction;  minimization of subjective indicators in the valuation of construction objects.
CPNs were developed and approved on the basis of design estimates for facilities were developed and approved on the basis of design estimates for facilities designed and built in the Russian Federation in the period from 1995-2009. Primary information was collected on a large number of objects of various functional purposes, and then a thorough analysis of design estimates for these facilities was carried out. As a result, the basis of CPNs development is the data that had passed the expertise and met the town-planning and spaceplanning requirements, imposed on modern construction complexes and facilities. It resulted in adoption of the order of Ministry of Regional Development of Russian No. 187 at 22.04.2011 «About approval of enlarged standards for the price of construction of various types of capital building projects for non-production purposes and engineering infrastructure" with prices for January 1, 2011». Later these norms documents were updated and supplemented. Next norms were approved by the order of the Ministry of the Region of Russian Federation No. 643 at 30 December of 2011. They contain prices for January 1, 2012. CPNs -2014, approved by the order of Ministry of Construction Housing and Communal Services of Russian Federation at 28.08.2014 No.506. Currently, there are norms approved by Ministry of Construction at 13 June 2017 No. 867. At present, the computation of the estimate for CPNs is made in prices for 2017. It should also be borne in mind that all prices in the enlarged norms are taken for the base (Moscow) region, respectively, for calculations on other territories, it is necessary to apply the transition coefficient from the prices of the base region to the price of the subjects of the RF [9].
Depending on the functional purpose all CPNs (Russian State Standard) are combined in collections:

Results
The use of compilations and the compilation of calculations for NDCs is regulated by the MDS 81-02-12-2011 "Methodological recommendations on the application of state estimate standards -enlarged standards for the price of construction of various types of capital construction facilities for non-production purposes and engineering infrastructure" approved by the order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2011 No. 481.
When using CPNs it is necessary to keep in mind what costs it includes:  costs for the construction of capital building projects that meet the urban planning and space planning requirements for modern facilities, as well as the costs of construction of individual buildings and structures designed using standard (reusable) design solutions;  costs provided by the current normative documents in the field of pricing for the performance of work in the construction of the facility in normal (standard) conditions, not complicated by external factors;  costs for the purchase of building materials and equipment, costs for labor remuneration for workers and maintenance of construction machinery (mechanisms), overheads and estimated profits, costs for the construction of temporary buildings and structures, additional costs for the production of work in winter, costs connected with receipt by the customer and project organization of initial data and specifications for design, carrying out the necessary approvals for project solutions, expenses for insurance (including construction risks); costs for design and survey work and project expertise, customer service content and construction control, reserve funds for unforeseen work and costs.  It is necessary to keep in mind that cost parameters of CPNs are not taken into account, and, if necessary, should be taken into account separately:  works and costs associated with the allocation of land for construction, travel expenses of workers, transportation of workers, construction and maintenance costs of shift camps, land tax payments during construction, fees for connection to external engineering networks;  additional costs, arising under special construction conditions (in remote settlements from the existing infrastructure (additional transportation costs), cramped working conditions), which should be taken into account additionally. Special conditions for the construction of the facility are taken into account by the coefficients provided in the technical parts of the collections of the CPNs. Additional transportation costs are accounted with the use of zonal coefficients for changing the cost of construction in context of the subject of Russian Federation. The calculation of the maximum cost of the object planned for construction with the use of NCS is carried out on the basis of MDS 81-02-12-2011, which contains the formula recommended for calculation by enlarged indicators: VATvalue-added tax, currently 18%. Existing approach does not allow to calculate the cost of high-rise buildings of civil purpose, due to the lack of developed standards for construction prices.
There are different types of high-rise residential multi-apartment buildings:  Residential multi-apartment high-rise building (more than 16 floors) bricked, mono carcassed;  Residential multi-apartment high-rise building (more than 16 floors) paneled. [10] For object of other types there is no calculation of altitude. It is necessary to develop CPNs for most common types of objects:  residential houses;  administrative buildings;  trade objectsshopping centers;  combined objects of different functional orientation.
It is necessary to develop CPNs in one of directions: 1. Definition of representative-objects from high-rise ones. 2. To use coefficient method of cost accounting. In case of using first method it will not have any differences from existing ones. It is only necessary to demarcate the gradation of high-rise objects correctlyto combine representative-objects in different high-rise groups and update current CPNs.
To calculate the altitude of objects with second method following approach is proposed. The cost of base object of construction is calculated with next formula: Where: -used index of the state estimate norm -the enlarged norm of the construction price for every type of object (Residential buildings, Health facilities, Sports buildings and structures, Cultural objects), included in the object; specific weight of the i-th type of object in total volume of construction of the facility; coefficient of «altitude» of object, which considers the ratio of the building area and the total area of the building. This coefficient is important to This coefficient is necessary to exclude the individual "duplicated" types of work (foundations) considered in each i-th kind of object.

Discussion
Along with the specifics of the determination the estimated costs whch are indicated above it is necessary to take into account the structural features of buildings in order to calculate the cost of high-rise buildings construction of civil purposes. High-rise buildings have different purposes: hotels, offices, residential buildings. High-rise buildings are multifunctional most often, in addition to the premises of the main purpose, there are parking lots, offices, cinemas in it. High-rise construction also has its own structural features of the main bearing elements, which should reflect on the specific weight of the cost of structures and types of work. In addition, within the framework of complex construction, it is possible to consider various overlapping with objects of social purpose, which will allow to generalize the investment of the regional building complex in two main directions: First, it is a result of the implementation of regional investment-building programs, formed within the regional administration.
Second, these are commercial investment projects, implemented in various areas on the territory of the region. The current practice of financing construction in the Russian Federation has shown that municipal programs and projects are focused mainly on housing and civil construction, while projects initiated by business are for commercial construction.
Existing CPNs provide an application for determining the value of mono-functional facilities. For their application to the determination of the cost of investment projects with different functionalities within the framework of one object, it is necessary to develop an adaptation model that allows to form the value of such a multifunctional object.
The application of the limit costs (CPNs) to the enlarged norms, in this direction of development of high-rise housing and civil construction will allow to approach the issue of the budget policy of the region more effectively.

Conclusion
In conclusion it will not be wrong to say that calculations made with CPNs collections are very important on planning stage, design stage and investing of high-rise buildings of civil purpose stage. When considering issues of construction residential buildings, health and cultural facilities, external engineering networks, roads, etc. customer can estimate how much it will cost to erect a particular building and structure, by using the collections of CPNs, which is an actual task in the conditions of limited budget funds. [12].