Geo-ecological aspects of the territorial organization of tourist and recreational activities

Various types of tourist and recreational activities have been developed, implemented, and pilot-tested in the regions for a long while. These activities translate into particular actions aimed at the improvement of the regional system of the government regulation and support of recreational activities. The need to preserve the unique ecosystem of Lake Baikal and to focus the socioeconomic development of the Baikal natural area on its environmental aspects have boosted the academic and practical interest in the geo-ecological aspects of the territorial organization of the tourist and recreational activities there. In the course of the research, the coauthors have identified and listed the local recreational areas and made a predictive assessment of the maximal acceptable recreational load value. The co-authors have assessed the potential adverse impact that may be produced on the environment components by the recreational facilities. On the basis of the research, the co-authors have issued their recommendations concerning the recreational zoning of lake areas against the present-day ecological and socio-economic background of the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area.


Introduction
The objectives of providing tourist access to Lake Baikal and keeping it safe from any environmental damage or excessive pressure on the local socio-economic, cultural, historic and ecological inter-relations, including the local flora, fauna and cultural legacy, are not new; they have been the subject of proactive research projects and applied analyses since the day when Lake Baikal was awarded the status of the UNESCO Natural Heritage site (1996) [1][2][3].In the days of state-planned and market-driven economies development of tourism in the Baikal natural area was considered a top-priority activity that complied with the environmental protection and ecological requirements.The territorial organization of tourist activities means the identification of a limited number of recreational areas that will accommodate a unified construction project with account for the environmental regulations governing any economic activities in the Lake Baikal basin [4].Towards this end, the government has developed several solutions, consisting (1) in the implementation of such 2 Overview of literature V.S. Preobrazhensky [7], Yu.A. Vedenin [8], L.Yu.Mazhar [9], A.N. Dounts [10], M.A. Dybal [11] and other researchers made their contributions into the theory of the territorial organization of travel activities.In their works, they developed the core notions of the Russian travel industry; they developed the model travel system, the recreational breakdown of territories; they designed the spatial forms of territorial development (the cluster-based approach), and developed several basic approaches towards the identification of the key elements of the territorial organization of travel activities.
Having analyzed the theoretical works and practical aspects of the territorial organization of travel and recreational activities, performed in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819305018ESCI 2018 natural area (the Republic of Buryatia) [12], we find it noteworthy that the Russian research works and legislation have discrepancies the terminology of travel and recreational activities, which are sometimes considered as practical issues.In this article, we will use the notion of the "recreational area" to identify the areas accommodating travel and recreational activities, including the territories that have a recreational potential, the territories that accommodate the elements of the travel infrastructure.Potential recreational areas represent land plots of different categories, including lands of inhabited localities, forest lands, areas and facilities of special protection.
Foreign research projects draw particular attention to the zoning of travel destinations [13,14] and coastal areas [15][16][17].We find it interesting to study the experience accumulated by the Royal Town Planning Institute (UK), that studies interrelations between tourism and spatial planning aimed at the identification and prevention of conflicts [18]; the experience accumulated by China that assesses the impact produced by tourism on the natural environment at the stages of planning and construction of travel facilities [19,20], etc.
Let's address the works on the Baikal natural area, including those on the planning of the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area [2], and works on water protection zoning as a landscape planning technique.The works that we have selected cover the geo-ecological fundamentals of territorial organization and area planning techniques that determine the essence of the geographical approach towards the study of heterogeneous objects and phenomena developing in spatial and temporal systems.We also stick to the ecological approach that helps us to study the links between the systems [21] and we also consider numerous works by the Russian researchers covering the spatial planning of the Baikal natural area.Indeed, the most complex environmental situations, economic problems and conflicts, concerning land/water use and recreational activities, arise in protected water areas [23].According to various sources, intensive introduction of geo-ecological principles into urban planning is possible, if accompanied by the methodology of landscape planning, integrated into spatial planning and aimed at the resolution of problems of spatial design aimed at the maintenance of environmental sustainability.It is noteworthy that the ecological zoning of the Baikal natural area, based on the RF Law "On the Protection of Lake Baikal" is based on the methodology of landscape planning.

Materials and research methods
According to the effective legislation, any spatial planning documentation and law enforcement/administrative practice, that apply to the territorial organization of tourism and recreational activities in the Central ecological zone (the Republic of Buryatia), contemplates the availability of versatile travel areas that translate into nine recreational zones (Table 1).
The following characteristics of the forms of territorial organization of tourism in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area (the Republic of Buryatia) were identified on the basis of the research projects, had been implemented earlier.The territorial organization of the tourist and recreational industry in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area (the Republic of Buryatia) are provided in Figure 1.
The comparative characteristics of regulatory, organizational, infrastructural and administrative environments of the recreational activity, performed in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area, provided in Table 2, have proven that: -travel and recreational activities concentrate on the land plots featuring different categories of lands, including lands of inhabited localities, forest lands, specially protected areas and facilities; -legal requirements, governing the establishment and operation of different vehicles accommodating travel and recreational activities in the Baikal natural area, are issued on the Federal and regional levels; they are stipulated by the ecological regulations, governing any economic activities in accordance with the Law "On the Protection of Lake Baikal". the territorial structure of travel and recreational activities in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area is implemented in the network of land use documents issued by the RF subject [28]; -recreational areas vary in terms of their origin and seasonality of their operation; their infrastructures and management styles, the intensity, quality and composition of services provided there also vary; -according to the RF legislation, construction of permanent buildings and structures in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area is allowed in inhabited localities and special economic zones.- Against the background of the ever-growing demand for the travel destinations in the region, the territorial organization of the recreational systems, developed for long-term vacations, must take account of the ecological restrictions, aimed at the preservation of the biogenocenosis and the natural landscape of Lake Baikal.In [27], the co-authors performed an ecological assessment of the expediency of the accommodation of travel facilities in order to substantiate the development of tourism in the area.The diverse nature of ecological restrictions, driven by the categories of land plots, serves as the pre-condition for a combination of several methodological approaches to the assessment of the acceptability of recreational facilities in the area [28].
The following values are employed to assess the anticipated number of tourists in the recreation areas offering package holidays: the load factor applicable to accommodation facilities (hotels and residential houses), the average duration of stays, the average annual number of trips.The calculations are based on the formula: where Kt is the number of leisure travelers in a year/during the high season, Km is the number of accommodation places, Kz is the average annual number of arrivals, Zksr is the average annual occupied capacity of accommodation facilities.
The following data are employed to assess the anticipated number of travelers in the recreational areas, offering rough travel services: -the total area of forests (in hectares), to be used for recreational purposes in the Central the average duration of recreational stays reaches three days (for forest areas).The total number of days available for forest recreation in a year reaches 60 days.As a rule, the load is maximal during summer seasons; -the average annual number of arrivals is identified by dividing the total number of days available for forest recreation in a year by the average duration of stay.
The acceptable annual load (DRN) is calculated according to the formula (2) where: S -the area (hectares); DNn -the maximal load; Kz -the average annual number of arrivals.

Results
The consolidated data on the anticipated number of travelers in the leisure areas of the Central ecological zone of the Baikal Natural Area (the Republic of Buryatia), broken down by the municipal entities, are provided in Table 3.The above data may be employed not only to assess the acceptable inflow of travelers, but also to identify the actions aimed at the improvement of the capacity/efficiency of land use without any damage to the environment.As a result of the assessment of the potential adverse impact, that may be produced by the travel facilities on the environment (discharges, emissions and waste generation), the following conclusions can be derived.1.The maximal anthropogenic (travel/recreational) load is projected to concentrate in the recreational areas, located in the Middle hollow of Lake Baikal (Figure 2).Therefore, discharged water treatment plant is to be constructed and commissioned here.Besides, any local economic entities must not exceed the maximal limits, restricting the pressure, exerted on the ecological system of Lake Baikal in the course of design, construction, and operation of travel facilities.https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819305018ESCI 2018 Fig. 2. The correlation between potential discharges of nitrogen and phosphorus and their pre-set regulatory values broken down by the recreational areas in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area (the Republic of Buryatia) (The source: [27,29]).

MATEC
2. The anticipated travel rate growth will cause higher nitrogen and phosphorus emissions/discharges (in kg/year) in Turkinsky, Nesterovsky, Vydrinsky, Soukhinsky, and Bolsherechensky settlements of the Republic of Buryatia.Maximal emissions/discharges of nitrogen and phosphorus will be generated by the "package tour" and "rough" travelers in the municipal entities of Pribaikalsky district (52% and 41%, respectively) and Kabansky district (34% and 31%, respectively).The rise in the emissions will be caused by the implementation of major investment projects consisting in the establishment of Special economic zone "Baikal Harbour", and travel clusters to be established as public and private partnerships.The minimal amount of biogenic elements will be discharged in Severobaikalsky district's leisure/recreational areas, offering package tours (1%).The minimal amount of biogenic elements, discharged in rough traveling areas, will reach 6%, and maximal discharges will be concentrated in Severobaikalsk.The maximal pressure will be exerted on the specially protected natural area in Barguzinsky district, and the pressure value will reach 87%, while the minimal pressure value will be concentrated in Kabansky district (Figure 3).https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819305018ESCI 2018 Fig. 3. Biogenic emissions in recreational areas (The source: [27]).
3. The top priority environmental problem consists in the recycling of household waste, generated by rough travelers.Forest areas popular among those tourists who travel by themselves, are located in Ust-Barguzinsky, Babushkinsky, Vydrinsky, Sukhinsky, Turkinsky, and Nizhneangarsky settlements.They feature maximal amounts of household waste.The majority of accommodation facilities, located in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area (the Republic of Buryatia), maintain dump wells, and they have entered into contracts for the delivery of the liquid household waste to water treatment plants located at the distance of 20 -82 kilometers.For example, liquid waste is delivered from Maksimikha to Ust-Barguzin (33 km) in Barguzinsky district; in Kabansky district liquid waste is delivered from Soukhaya and Enkhaluk to Selenginsk treatment plant (70 -82 km); liquid waste, generated in Kultushnaya recreation area, is delivered to the treatment plant, located in Babushkin (25 km); liquid waste generated in Baikalsky priboi recreation area is delivered to Selenginsk (40km).
As for Pribaikalsky district, liquid waste is delivered from Goryachinsk, Turka, Gremyachinsk to the absorption fields owned by Baikalsky Bor sanatorium (the average distance is equal to 20 km).The cost of delivery of solid and liquid waste to the landfills and treatment plants reach up to 5% of the cost of services.Therefore, these entities must timely collect and deliver their waste.Towards this end, waste delivery rates should be reduced.
4. Acceptable atmospheric emissions in the Central ecological zone are specified in the Regulations governing the maximal acceptable impact on the unique ecological system of Lake Baikal, approved by Order № 63 [29].

Discussion of results
Numerous researches have proven that various forms of recreational activities are being identified, introduced, pilot-tested and transformed in the Baikal natural area.Therefore, these actions influence the scope and method of improvement of the local system of state regulation and support provided to the travel industry.The anticipated numbers of future travelers to visit the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area (the Republic of Buryatia), broken down by the municipal entities, may be used not only to assess the maximal acceptable number of travelers, but also to identify the actions, that will help to rise the capacity and efficiency of these areas without any damage to the environment.
Present-day recreational loads, typical for rough traveling areas (the forest lands of the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area) do not exceed the acceptable values.Therefore, the maximal values, set by Order № 63 [29] are well-grounded.According to the opinion, expressed by the experts, as a result of the improvement of the living standards, emergence of new high-quality services in the travel market, and implementation of the programs aimed at the regulation of the inflow of travelers, the share of rough traveling will go down.The conclusions and recommendations, developed by the co-authors, will impact the recreational zoning of lake areas in the present-day ecological and socio-economic environment.Given the geographical and socio-economic regularities, there is a need to analyze each hollow of Lake Baikal and its shoreline within the borders of the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area and to apply the eco-systemic approach that takes account of the interlinks between the processes underway in the ecosystem of the Baikal natural area.The approach to be applied must be based on the top priority prevention of any environmental damage.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The territorial organization of the travel and recreational industry in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area (the Republic of Buryatia) (The source: [12]).
ecological zone (the Republic of Buryatia), including the area of forests, broken down by the municipal entities, located in the Central ecological zone, in compliance with the Forest Plan of the Republic of Buryatia and with the Computerized Information System "Land and Real Property of the Republic of Buryatia"; -maximal load exposure (in person/hectare) of the local ecological systems of the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area in case of continuous stays of travelers during the vegetation period, broken down by different types of local ecosystems in pursuance of Order № 63 issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation on March 05, 2010, applicable to the forest areas of the Central ecological zone (the Republic of Buryatia).

Table 1 .
Podlemorye travel cluster), and in Severobaikalsk under the Law of the Republic of Buryatia № 2073-Ш issued on March 14, 2007.6.In accordance with the rules governing the organization of public leisure spots, approved by the Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia № 475 of October 15, 2008, leisure spots (having catering facilities, rental services, and guided tours) are established in Barguzinsky, Kabansky, Pribaikalsky, Severobaikalsky districts and in the town of Severobaikalsk.The Spatial Structure of Tourist and Recreational Activities in the Central Ecological Zone of the Baikal Natural Area in the Republic of Buryatia in 2015 (The source: [12]).

Table 2 .
Web of Conferences 193, 05018 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819305018ESCI 2018 Comparative Characteristics of Recreational Areas in the Central Ecological Zone of the Baikal Natural Area (the Republic of Buryatia), broken down by regulatory requirements, land categories, seasonality, and infrastructural development.

Table 3 .
Web of Conferences 193, 05018 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819305018ESCI 2018 The anticipated number of travelers in the leisure areas of the Central ecological zone of the Baikal Natural Area (the Republic of Buryatia) (The source: [27]).

Table 4 .
[27]e 4has present and anticipated values of emissions broken down by the hollows of Lake Baikal, as well as their maximal acceptable values.Neither recreational area, except for Severobaikalsk and Goryachinsk resort, has central heating facilities.They have independent boiler houses, electric boilers and heaters.Present, anticipated and maximal acceptable emissions broken down by Lake Baikal hollows (tons/year) (The source:[27]).