Syngas from Updraft Gasifier Incineration for Internal Combustion Engine Power Generation in Klongluang PathumThani Thailand

. This paper presents the internal combustion engine power generation using syngas from the updraft biomass gasifier as a fuel. 3 types of fuel such as Golden shower tree wood chip, charcoal, and gasohol 91 were tested for the engine running. The experiment was performed on July 25-26, 2017 at Industrial Data on the performance of the engines fueled with producer gas and gasohol 91 is presented. The experiment was carried out by using a four-stroke 13 HP gasoline engine coupled with a generator as a load in producing electricity. The carburetor was modified for fuel gas running by loading 7 kg/batch of Golden shower chips and charcoal for syngas producing and the engine performance was measured. The results showed that, the engine power was 110.125 W, 115.425 W, and 128.038 W, while using a golden shower chip, charcoal, and gasohol 91 as the fuel, respectively. The generator efficiency is 80% therefore the generator power reduces 20%. The test indicated that golden shower chips could produce higher quality of syngas than charcoal but the engine power has less power than fueled with gasohol 91.


Introduction
The use of biomass energy as a renewable energy such as charcoal, rice husk or in the form of scrap, which are locally available resource. The syngas is composed of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ), which can be used as fuel instead of petroleum fuel oil in the internal combustion engine. Although biomass gasification is considered as an ancient technology, the consequence of the use of this technology has increased in order to preserve fossil fuel resources and decrease greenhouse gas productions. The removing of tar from producer gas has been found to be a major problem for engine applications. It can be used as fuel instead of petroleum fuel in internal combustion engine such as gasoline engines both large and small. The performance test of a gasifier used for this small engine can be used as a machine in place to generate electricity, pumping water, etc., driving the machines in the agricultural sector.
Golden shower tree, in other word Cassia fistula is a fast-growing, medium-sized, deciduous tree which is now widely cultivated in Thailand as an ornamental tree for its attractive dramatic yellow flowers. Synthesis gas (syngas), a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) generated by the gasification of a carbon containing material to a gaseous product with a heating value (but less than half the energy density of natural gas). When used as a fuel, it is formed by gasification of coal or municipal waste by the subsequent reactions: C + O 2 → CO 2 ; CO 2 + C → 2CO; C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 . The name comes from the gas's use as an intermediate in generating synthetic natural gas (SNG) and in generating ammonia or methanol. Biomass updraft gasifier, coupled with reciprocating internal combustion engines is an applied technology for minor scale power generations.

Updraft gasification systems
The updraft gasifier is the simplest and oldest form of the fixed bed gasifier. Syngas flow countercurrent to each other. The responsive agent is injected at the bottom of the reactor and ascends to the upper while the fuel is introduced at the top and descends to the bottom through zones of gradually increasing temperatures (drying, pyrolysis, gasification and oxidation). Heat from the gasification and oxidation zones rises upward to deliver energy for the pyrolysis and drying zones. Gases, tar and other volatile compounds are dispersed at the top of the reactor while ash is removed at the bottom. The syngas normally contains high levels of tar, which must be removed or further converted to syngas for use in applications other than direct heating. The producer gas exits at low temperature (80-300 ºC) and contains an abundance of oils and tar (10-20 %) since the products of the pyrolysis and drying zone are directly drawn into it without decomposition. The dust content in the producer gas is low due to low gas velocities and filtering effect of feed in drying and pyrolysis zones [1][2][3][4]. Yang, et al., (2006) investigated high temperature agent gasification (HiTAG) of wood pellets in a batch type updraft fixed bed gasifier [5]. The gasifier was a cylindrical straight up reactor consisting of airstream box and gasifier bed. The feedstock bed was supported by a bed of ceramic balls placed on perforated disk within the reactor. The gasification method became more rapidly with raise in temperature of feed gas (650 to 830 ºC). The higher feed gas temperature led to increase in concentration of CO (20.1 to 26.8 %) and H 2 (6.6 to 12.7 %) in producer gas. The critical feed gas temperature (at which the yield of gaseous products was at the maximum) was between the ignition temperature of biomass and the melting temperature of the ash in the biomass. The updraft gasifier was normally used for gasification of conservative biomass fuel like wood, wood chips, bark, etc. There are many researches deal with the updraft gasifier as follows; Rao, et al., (2004) studied the gasification of unconventional fuels like low-density refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets in an updraft gasifier with an inclined grate [6]. The grate inclination helped in crushing of large clinkers. An air partitioned in the gasifier ensured uniform distribution of air in the combustion zone. Higher heating value (HHV) and energy content of producer gas was 5.58 MJ/Nm 3 and 12.2 MJ/kg, respectively. The tar content from RDF pellets was 45 % less than that in gas generated from wood chips. The particular gasification speed of RDF pellets was within the range reported for updraft gasifiers with fixed grate i.e. SGR 100-200 kg m-2 h-1. The cold gas efficiency obtained with RDF was 73 %, which was over 8 % higher than that obtained with wood chips. Na, et al., (2003) gasified flammable dissipate pellets in an updraft fixed bed gasifier creased with alumina noncompliant using O 2 as the gasifying medium [7]. The composition of H 2 and CO in the producer gas was in the range 30-40 % and 15-30 % respectively depending on oxygen/waste ratio. At the bed height was increased the H 2 and CO content in producer gas increased whereas CO 2 content reduced. Gasification was difficult above a bed height of 700 mm because of the pressure drop of O 2 . The cold gas effectiveness was approximately 61 % in the heating value of producer gas was 11.72-13.40 MJ/Nm 3 , which was more than the heating value of producer gas generated by air gasification and the O 2 / waste ratio of 0.4-0.5. The gas was cleaned of the particulate matter by a cyclone. O 2 gasification was reported to generate an intermediate heating value (MHV) gas (10-18 MJ/Nm 3 ), which is appropriate for limited pipeline distribution and as synthesis gas for conversion to methane and methanol. The purpose of this research was to study the syngas production from Golden shower tree biomass in Klong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province for producing engine shaft power and the electricity. Charcoal wood chips converted to producer gas from the updraft gasifier stove and distributed to the gasoline engine. An experimental study was carried out on July 25-26, 2017 by using an updraft gasifier, modified 4-stroke petrol engine 13 horsepower. Finally, information on the typical performance of the gasoline engine fueled with syngas is presented.

Experimental setup
The experimental was step by step set up, first of all in the 13-HP gasoline engine for multipurpose used was selected to be modified for the test. The carburetor was drilled and a copper pipe gas tube for conveying producer gas to the mixing chamber was attached. The measuring equipment such as volume air flow, thermocouples, and gas flow measuring equipment were setup and recording data as shown in Figure 1

Experimental results
The experimental test of the engine running used syngas from the charcoal indicated that the average engine speed was 738.33 rpm, the average power was 12.77 V, the average electric current was 6.9 A, the generated power was 88.1 W, and the engine power was 110.125 W as shown in Figure 6. The experimental test of engine running used producer gas from the Golden Shower Tree Chips indicated that the average engine speed was 786.67 rpm, average power was 13.07 V, average power was 7.07 A, the generated power was 92.34 W, and the engine power was 115.425 W as shown in Figure 7. The experimental test of engine running used the gasohol 91 indicated that the average engine speed was 813.33 rpm, the average power was 13.57 V, the average power was 7.55 A, the generated power was 102.43 W, and the engine power was 128.038 W as shown in Figure  8. According to the data obtained from this study, the use of gasoline, 91 as fuel provided more engine speed. The produced electricity was higher than the use of golden shower tree wood and charcoal as fuel. Coal combustion produces less smoke than the use of golden shower tree wood. However, golden shower tree wood gives higher heat than charcoal found in higher combustion temperatures. The golden shower tree wood and charcoal can be used for small gasoline engine

Summary
The generated power production depends on the engine revolution. For gasoline engine the increased power is less than linear because of fluctuations in the varied efficiency factors. The extreme speed of the engines fueled by producer gas is imperfect by the combustion velocity of the combustible mixture of syngas and air. Since this speed is little as paralleled to combustible mixtures of petrol and air, the efficiency of the engine can descent affectedly if the combustion speed of the mixture and the average speed of the piston become of the same order of magnitude. In the types of engines that are presently ready-to-wear, one can expect this occurrence to occur at engine speeds of about 2500 rpm. Engines fueled by producer gas should therefore generally be operated below this speed. During the test, the heat loss was very high because there has been always a fire at the top of the fuel compartment. The use of gasohol 91 fuel the engine speed, and the produced electricity were much higher than the use of wood and charcoal as fuel. The burning of coal produces less smoke than the use of Golden shower wood chips. The Golden shower, wood chip has higher heating power than charcoal, but produces more tar. The golden shower tree wood chips can be used as fuel for small gasoline engines, but should be equipped with a gas filter to avoid engine wear.