The spatial distribution of remote sensing stations to monitor water quality ( Tigris River ) within the administrative limits of the capital Baghdad , by using Geomatics technologies

The spatial distribution of remote sensing stations in the rivers is important technique in the detection of pollution in the river water and acceptance of Comparison Environmental determinants, as a result of toxic waste and waste from other service activities. Therefore, the study of the importance of those stations of the spatial distribution using spatial data and availability, which represent how to hold water in complete tests within the ranges of these stations in order to get to the planning ways to address and reduce pollution within the concept of sustainable development. This will address the project to outline the importance of using technology direct remote sensing in the presentation of spatial data of the stations as well as the use of geographic information systems software for the preparation of spatial databases in the presentation of contaminants databases and relying on the global system signature.


Introduction
The spatial distribution of remote sensing stations in the rivers is one of the important technical issues in the detection of water pollution in the rivers through the dumping of toxic waste through activities (industrial, service, agricultural).Therefore, the importance of these stations from their spatial distribution using spatial data and availability is significant.This study will provide a brief overview of the importance of the use of remote sensing in the presentation of the spatial data of these stations, as well as the use of "GIS" program to prepare spatial databases in the presentation of pollutant databases and relying on the global signature system.

Study problem
The problem of the study is that there are no spatial databases (spatial distribution) for remote sensing stations to monitor the pollution of the water sources of the Tigris river of Baghdad.Therefore, modern technologies will be used to detect and identify the pollution areas of the rivers within the administrative boundaries of the city of Baghdad.

The objective of the study
The study aims to highlight the role that geotechnical techniques can play in the detection and detection of pollution levels through the use of "remote sensing techniques, satellite images, GPS and GIS" through data obtained from remote sensing stations for monitoring water resources in Baghdad, Water treatment projects as well as pumping stations for the irrigation system on the"Tigris" within the administrative border of the city of Baghdad.

Methodology
The structure and title of the study will address the method of theoretical and library based on the collection of data on the nature of the problem of the study and then describe the modern mechanisms of collection, storage, processing and analysis of these data and show them in the form of information through objective maps of the tests on the water quality of "Tigris" river within the administrative boundaries of the city of Baghdad.

Geomatics engineering
The term Geomatics first appeared in the early 1980's in the Canadian University of "LAVAL", based on the concept that computer technology produced a scientific revolution in surveying or geometric measurements and digitally represented data to fit a large amount of data.The definition of geomantic is thus, "Integrated multidisciplinary science to select the appropriate devices and technologies to collect, store, model, MATEC Web of Conferences 162, 03020 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816203020BCEE3-2017 analyze, retrieve, display and distribute spatial information resulting from several sources of specific accuracy and characteristics in a digital image.[3].

Remote sensing
The latest technology to collect data from a region by advanced devices and these devices send data to researchers automatically "for study without having to visit the area to collect the required data.A famous example of this technique is the satellite imaging where the satellite takes pictures of the surface of the Earth and then sends these images to the earth stations for analysis and interpretation of the surface form, areas of global warming, the temperature of the earth, the heat of the ocean ... etc.We can divide the remote sensing process into two types according to the method of data collection.

Separate Sensitivity Process.
This process is done by placing the data collection device away from the area to be studied.The device will receive the reflected or emitted electromagnetic waves emitted from that area and convert these waves into numbers or images that the experts can understand and analyze.Examples of this method are the astronomical observations which collect light rays from the stars and analyze them to identify the components of those stars as well as space photography where the cameras capture the light reflected from the surface of the earth convert to digital images and send to earth stations for use in various studies and research.

Connected Sensitivity Process.
In which the data collection device is located in the area to be studied and left, where the device automatically collects data and sends it to satellites or other data transfer technology (CSD, GPRS) to researchers who are often far from the study area.

Sensors
They are optical sensors, such as the dissolved oxygen sensor in the water or the ion selective electrode, such as the pH sensor, both of which operate in an electro chemical method.The sensors vary according to the different chemicals that are detected,Figure (3), and can be immersed in the river water completely.

Sonde
It's a device connected by more than one sensor.Figure (4).It transmits the entire readings from all sensors to the device that analyzes the data.Fig. 4.Sonde transmits the entire readings from all sensors to the device that analyzes the data.[5].

Data Logger
This device will store the data from the sonde, which by its nature are electrical signals in the unit of measurement (mv) and digitized according to the type of variable read by the sensor and according to the units of measurement adopted globally.The mind of the substation is all the instructions issued from it, for example, the data is sent and received at specific times by instructing the transmitting device to signal the transmission of data and instructing each sensor to take reading at a specific time as well as determine the form of data sent either as tables or in the form of (Text document).

Signal Transmitter (modem(
It transfers the data analyzed by the data logger from the remote station to the main station where the data is displayed and tabulated.

Solar panels
To provide continuous power to the substation by charging high-capacity and long-lasting lithium batteries that operate the entire plant components, "which is a mechanism for the use of environmentally friendly renewable energy.

Main station
This consists of a modern and high-caliber computer calculator.It contains a signal receiving device from the substation and software that displays the readings from the substations and is able to receive data from more than one station.The software then analyzes these readings and displays them appropriately and creates graphs for each variable.The GPRS service has been adopted by mobile phone companies to transfer the signal in the form of Circuit Switch Data (CSD).This is a method of transferring encrypted information.This method has a low cost compared with other signal transmission devices and additionally efficient.Figure (5).represents a remote sensing station in the ( AL Jadiriya) near the Babel Hotel.2-.The geographic database is built using Arc GIS "9.3" and categorized according to the approved standard specifications, according to the 'UTM' Zone(38N) projection system, the WGS 84 Datum and the global Ellipsoid (WGS84).

Phase III (Development of the GDB)
1-The drawing of the symptoms digitizing the Tigris River and points of remote sensing stations and use of the process of topological correction (Topology) of the layers resulting from the drawing process.
2-The process of linking the field survey data and the desk survey with the geographic database for the purpose of accessing the database as final.

Phase IV ( producing a digital map and thematic maps)
1-Production of digital maps in 'mxd' format that can be updated, developed and modified using Arc GIS '9.3'.
2-Production of objective maps on a specific scale for several subjects related to the study provided by the researcher (administrative boundaries of Baghdad governorate, distribution of remote sensing stations in Baghdad, average results of remote sensing readings of the value of a particular element in water, etc.) and highresolution satellite images.

Outputs
Outputs are multiple thematic maps in terms of the spatial distribution of stations as well as the descriptive data of the variables of the tests obtained from the stations for monitoring the variables related to the quality of the Tigris.as shown in the Figure (7).

Conclusions
The researcher's approach is to compare between the concentration of Tigris river variables at the time of entering the water of the river, the administrative boundary of the city of Baghdad at the first station, the station( Karkh) as the first monitoring point as well as the station (Madaaen) as the last monitoring station on the Tigris River before leaving the water administrative boundaries of the city of Baghdad.This will focus on the most important etiological factors that affect the change in results in a significant and steady manner.

2-PH variable .
We note that the amount of change in the value of hydrogen ion between (Karkh) and (Madain) stations (Δ PH = -0.3 ).It is noted that all the results of the stations fall within the new parameters of the system of river maintenance from pollution ( no. 25) of 1967 and the instructions attached thereto.

3-Total Dissolved Solid (TDS).
We note that the amount of change in the value of the TDS variable between the between (Karkh) and (Madain) stations.(∆TDS)= ( +280) mg / l.
We note that the amount of change in the value of the BGA concentration variable between (Karkh) and (Madain) stations.)∆BGA) = ( -124) Cells/ml.

Recommendations
1-Finding suitable solutions, including the development and expansion of design energy and address the breakdown of sewage treatment plants located south of the city of Baghdad on the River Diyala (Northern Rustamiyah and Rustamiyah South), as well as the station Karkh streams that flow on the Tigris River south of the city of Baghdad after the convergence of the Tigris River Diyala River where the sewage treatment plant has been out of work since 2003 because of the acts of sabotage that followed the war.
2-A tivating all laws and legislations to stop all irregular dis harges from stations, for example (Abdel Mohsen El-Kazemi, PN Sidya, TS1), whi h are mainly designed for "rainwater drainage".The irregular pa kages have turned them into sewage and industrial sewage stations dire tly addressed to the river.
3-Follow up all industrial and servi e a tivities and impose a remote sensing me hanism on them and develop their environmental awareness and treatment of pollutants through pra ti al and s ientifi methods and impose appropriate fines on the amount of pollution to the aquati environment in ase they ex eed the permissible limits in a ordan e with the appli able laws and legislation.
The Environmental Prote tion A t of 2009 has many se tions and hapters, in luding Chapter Three, Arti le 9, whi h states: "Those who produ e environmental pollution shall omply with the provision of pollution treatment methods and systems using the environmentally lean te hnologies and their operation and ensure their effi ien y and treatment of defe ts therein.Provide the measurement and ontrol of pollutants and their nature and re ord the results of measurements and also the adoption of the onstru tion of a database on environmental prote tion and in ludes on entrations and levels of pollution.Chapter (V) in this law states that all a tivities affe ting the environment to slavery and in the eighth hapter, he explained the so-alled ompensation for damages as a result of negligen e by omplying with environmental laws.In Chapter 9, there were punitive provisions that authorized the Minister to give any warning to any establishment, laboratory or exporting authority for pollution to remove the polluting agent).[4].
4-To work on developing the environmental performan e of the ontrol and updating its me hanisms and keeping abreast of the s ientifi development in this field, by highlighting the role that spa e images an play in the dete tion and lo ation of pollution, as well as the daily digital surveillan e te hnology, "digital dete tors for field surveying.The enfor ement of environmental laws or tax system, whi h is one of the important tools that an be relied upon in dire t a tivation to address the problem of environmental pollution and will lead to a positive impa t to ontrol the values of levels of pollution through the daily use in fa tories and the Purifi ation plants and power plants lo ated on the Tigris and Diyala rivers in Baghdad.
5-Invest the politi al and diplomati momentum in a tivating the international and bilateral agreements of the shared nature of water resour es and maintaining the quantity and quality of the water entering the Iraqi border with ea h of ountries (Turkey, Syria and Iran) be ause it has a dire t and indire t impa t on the quality of water and its ability to absorb the pollutants and purify them.

Figure ( 2 )Fig. 2 .
Figure (2) below shown some of the most important components of these stations:

Fig. 6 . 2 -
Fig. 6.Part of the on-site monitoring of station coordinates.

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7.Thematic maps in terms of the spatial distribution of stations.Source (searcher).