Comparison of the behavior of motorists in traffic safety in Yogyakarta Special Region by gender

Yogyakarta as a student city, a cultural city and tourist destination after Bali changing rapidly year after year. In the 70s, transportation mode in this small town were bicycles, tricycles, buggy and only few motor vehicles. Because of the development of the technology and the number of newcomers grew larger, Yogyakarta is now dominated by two-wheeled motor vehicles and cars. That facts resulted the higher risk of danger, if the riders are not well behaved and disregard the safety instructions on the road. Therefore this study had been conducted in Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) with the objection to compare and observe the behavior of the road users based on the gender. The study used explanatory research with the reference to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2009 about the safety instructions for the riders on the road, with common people, high school and university students as the respondents.


Introduction
Yogyakarta as a student city, a cultural city and tourist destinations after Bali changing rapidly year after year. Almost 20% of the productive population in Yogyakarta are students. Many young people from Sabang to Merauke are studying in this small city, which covers only 0.017% of the land area of Indonesia. In the 70s, transportation mode in this small town were bicycles, tricycles, buggy and only few motor vehicles. The growth of the number of newcomers in town (either permanently or temporarily) as well as the development of the technology that made the vehicle go faster than the previous mode, causing the domination of two-wheeled motor vehicles and cars in Yogyakarta. With the need of easier and faster mobility as the main reason, having a motor vehicle nowadays seems to have become a necessity. It is easier than before, because there are motorcycles, that relatively affordable for everyone. Using only 500,000.00 rupiah as a down payment, anybody can take a new motorcycle home. Consequently, the number of vehicles in Yogyakarta is now dominated by two-wheeled motor vehicles and cars. As a dynamic city, Yogyakarta has a fast pace change that is also affecting road users to be eager to move sooner to the destination, hence the traffic become more chaotic. In this case, riders without ethical behavior and disregard for safety on the road would endanger the safety of both fellow motorists, pedestrians and other road users. Factors such as gender, age, educational background and physical condition, cognitive and psychomotor and knowledge in the traffic the factors can influence the behavior of the riders. In reference to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2009 [1], article 106 paragraph (2): every person who drives a motor vehicle on the road shall prioritize the safety of pedestrians and cyclist s. Article 284 consist of : Any person driving a motor vehicle without priority to pedestrian or cyclists safety as referred to in Article 106 paragraph (2) shall be imprisoned for a maximum of two months or a fine of not more than Rp 500,000.00 (five hundred thousand rupiahs) Article 131 paragraph (1): Pedestrians are entitled to the availability of supporting facilities in the form of sidewalks, crossings and other facilities. (2) Pedestrians are entitled to priority when crossing the road at the crossing. (3) In the absence of facilities as referred to in paragraph (1) Pedestrians shall have the right to cross in the chosen place with due regard to their safety.

Subjects and Methodology
Heinrich [2] said that there exists an important distinction between overt and covert behaviour. Only overt behaviour can be observed and recorded. Covert behaviour is never open to direct observation, it can only be deduced from external behaviour. By covert behaviour we mean cognition, emotions, and the building up of attitudes or habits. This covert behaviour is usually considered to be the logical, temporal and structural precondition for overt behaviour, and for this reason it seems logical to direct attempts at modifying behaviour to the covert level. Heinrich [2] also mentioned that In the feeling of responsibility and in efforts to make road traffic safer it is frequently the first -mentioned meaning of the term change which dominates: we have to make people behave more safely and then traffic in general will become safer! But education which ignores the fact that the influence of situational factors on the behaviour of people may be just as strong as that of dispositional factors, is doomed to failure. data also came from the first year of Competitive grant research [4] this study was conducted in Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY), which consists of 4 districts and 1 city (Sleman; Bantul; Kulonprogo; Gunungkidul and city of Yogyakarta). There are total 1010 Questionnaire with high school students, university students and common people as the respondents. The comparison of the motorists' behavior based on gender in traffic safety in Yogyakarta Special Region from each districts would be conducted using explanatory research. Like in Fishbein [3], the question types in the questionnaire using Likert scale related to attitudes and behavior of road users are shown in the Table 1 below. It is difficult to cross the street without the officer's help, even though it's in zebra Crossing. 10 DF10 Pedestrians feel free to cross anywhere along the way 11 DF11 When I need to cross the street and the zebra Crossing is far away from me, I will chose to cross not on the zebra Crossing. 12 DF12 There are differences in difficulty level between crossing in zebracrossinging and not in zebra-crossinging 13 DF13 In my opinion, many of the traffic signs in DIY blocked by trees / pole / banner / not located in appropriate location. whichever easier during traffic jam 18 DF18 When I want to turn or change lanes, I always turn on the turn signal lights 19 DF19 While waiting for the train to passed the train crossing, I always stay at the contra lane, so that I can go faster once the barrier lifted up. 20 DF20 After I turned or moved to another lane, I always turn off the turn light 21 DF21 I always check the condition of the vehicle such as wind pressure, brake and tire pattern before driving 22 DF22 In my opinion, many of the traffic lights in DIY blocked by trees / pole / banner / not located in appropriate location. 23 DF23 When driving I always be aggressive and do not want to lose if passed by another vehicle. 24 DF24 I always receive / call / see / send SMS while driving on the highway. 25 DF25 I will quickly replace the brake lining before it's worn out 26 DF26 Dysfunction brakes light will always be replaced quickly 27 DF27 I don't use a helmet if I drive in a short distance (about 1 km) 28 DF28 I always pay attention to the safety of the people around while driving 29 DF29 I'm impatient when I have to stop because of the red light is on and often drive a vehicle on the sidewalk to make my vehicle as much as possible in the front row.
30 DF30 I could be distracted by the sound surround me (for example loud horn), when I was driving 31 DF31 I always look around and give a sign when I want to overtake / turn / stop. 32 DF32 I often rode with three or more people while driving on a motorcycle. 33 DF33 I do not always prepare helmets for the people I cared for, especially the kids 34 DF34 I think the application of traffic rules in DIY is very good 35 DF35 In my opinion, the implementation of sanctions against traffic violators in DIY is in accordance with the level and type of violation 36 DF36 I immediately stop the vehicle when the red light is almost on 37 DF37 During bad weather / rain / misty / smoky, I reduce the speed of the vehicle 38 DF38 I always use a helmet while driving motorcycle 39 DF39 I will cross the street marking/ move to another lane when I turn left/right 40 DF40 I will leap over to another lane/track in uphill road 41 DF41 In my opinion, the number of traffic signs in DIY is sufficient 42 DF42 I always use seat belt while driving. 43 DF43 I will watch out for another vehicle before I open the car door. 44 DF44 When I pull the brakes, I will always use the front brake and rear brake of the motorcycle. 45 DF45 I will give way to the public bus that will pull over /out of the bus stop.

Analysis
From all of the 45 questions above can be divided into 5 groups of respondents' opinions: 1) about signs in DIY, 2) about traffic signaling tools (APILL), 3) about the completeness of driving documents, 4) attitudes and behavior of respondents about zebra Crossing, 5) the behavior of respondents while driving.

About signs in DIY
From Table 2. and Table 3., it appears that female and male respondents in 4 districts and 1 city have the same opinion in terms of priority sequences related to signs. They prioritize DF1 "Road users are obligated to comply with traffic signs / road markings" and assume DF13 "In my opinion, many of the traffic signs in DIY are blocked by trees / pole / banners/ not located in the appropriate location" less important.

Traffic Signaling Tools (APILL)
From Table 4. and Table 5., can be seen that female and male respondents in 4 districts and 1 city have the same opinion in terms of priority sequence regarding traffic signaling tools. They prioritize DF36 "I immediately stop the vehicle when the red light is almost on". Although the mean value is different. They consider DF22 "In my opinion, many of the traffic lights in DIY are blocked by trees / pole / banners / not located in appropriate location" less important.

Completeness of respondents while driving
Tables 6 and 7 show that women and men in 4 districts & 1 city prioritize DF15 "I always carry a complete driving documents when I drive car / motor cycle" except for women from Gunungkidul who prefered DF26 "Dysfunction brakes light will always be replaced Quickly ". The least important or lowest ranking according to Bantul women; Sleman and the city of Yogyakarta is DF34 "I think the application of traffic rules in DIY is very good", while the women of Gunung Kidul concerned less with DF35 "In my opinion, the implementation of sanctions against traffic violators in DIY is in accordance with the level and type of violation ", Kulonprogo women are less concerned with being associated with DF33 helmets. For Bantul men; Kulonprogo and Sleman are less prioritizing DF35, while Gunungkidul and Yogyakarta men are less prioritizing DF33 with regard to helmets.

Attitudes and behavior of respondents about zebra Crossing
Tables 8 and 9 show that female respondents from all areas of DIY have the same understanding and awareness of DF2 "Pedestrians crossing on the zebra-cross are protected by the Traffic Act". The same thing happened to male respondents. About DF10 which read "Pedestrians feel free to cross anywhere along the way" female respondents of Gunungkidul and Sleman have a high mean, for Bantul and Yogyakarta city close to 3 indicates that, although they are aware and understand the danger and risks, but they dare to do it. This is also the case for male respondents in Sleman with mean result greater than 3. No wonder DF12 " There are differences in difficulty level between crossing in zebra-crossing and not in zebra-crossing" Bantul, Gunungkidul and Sleman are considered by female respondents. Meaningless with the lowest score. For male respondents, DF12 in low mean values is applicable in Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo. There is only a few differences between Women in Kulonprogo and Yogyakarta, they both ignored DF9 "It is difficult to cross the street without the officer's help, even though it's in zebra Crossing". Similarly, DF9 with a low mean value occurs for male in Bantul, Sleman and Yogyakarta.

Conclusion
The results of the analysis can be summarized as follows: a) For female and male respondents in 4 districts and 1 city have the same understanding about traffic sign and also APILL, b) men and women in all areas of Yogyakarta except women in Gunungkidul understand and realize the importance of carrying complete documents while driving, c) Although people in DIY, both men and women, understand and realize the importance of APILL and that crossing the road through the zebra Crossing protected by law, they still assume that people can cross anywhere anyway. d) all men and women in DIY (except male and female respondents from Bantul) give priority to the sign when they want to turn and move to another lane, while Bantul respondents prefer to reduce the speed of vehicle during bad weather / rain / fog. e) the highest mean of DF18 "When I want to turn or change lanes, I always turn on the turn signal lights" is dominated by female respondents from Gunungkidul, Kulonprogo, Sleman and Yogyakarta, while both women and men in Bantul prioritize DF37 "During bad weather / rain / misty / smoky, I reduce the speed of the vehicle".