Safety Culture and Issue in the Malaysian Manufacturing Sector

. This paper highlights the Safety culture and issue in the Malaysian Manufacturing Sector and emphasis the high occupational accidents due to lack of safety culture and non-compliance of the requirements of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. The aim of this study is to review the occupational accidents occurrence in the Malaysia workplace since 2012-2016. Malaysia aimed to reduce the occupational accidents, the results show by DOSH increase that Occupational Noise Induced Hearing Loss 83.7%, occupational musculoskeletal diseases, 4.4% and occupational lung diseases 2.3%. But the as per the record from DOSH that in last 5-Years, the increment in the fatal accidents by Average 26%, Permanent Disability by Average 71% and Non-Permanent Disability by 64 % are investigated only in Manufacturing Industries. The government must show their high interest on such a vulnerable employees to accomplish the above aim. This step will be helpful for planning to reduce the accidents in workplaces and it will also detect the prevention for the future accidents.


Introduction
The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994) [1]was made considering the way that the Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 just secured word related safety and health in the construction industries, mining and manufacturing industry, though alternate businesses were not considered. The extent of OSHA 1994 covers all people that works in public and private sectors with the exception of military forces. The Occupational Health and Safety directions force the punishment to the employers, which they present of unsafe working conditions for their employees noncompliance with the standards [2][3].
To ensure the occupational health and safety of the persons at working in danger places, the objectives of OSHA 1994 are to protect workers at the workplace, to encourage an occupational safe environment for the employee at their workplace adjusted to their physical *Corresponding author: yusri@uthm.edu.my and psychological needs, and to offer the means whereby the associated occupational safety and health legislations can be gradually changed by a system of regulations and endorsed industry codes of practice.
Nowadays, work related accident became well-known as major concerned to the industries involved. This kind of problem also closely faced by the manufacturing industry's workers that involve in the different operation of handing machine and different production equipment like the use of molding machine, fabrication equipment, cranes, prime movers, and forklifts and truck that is very much associated with the issue of safety and health awareness. In an effort to promote the development of safety and healthy workplace, as it is one of the important functions between the organization and workers to conduct their daily operation in a safe and correct manner. Workers have the high level of health and safety awareness that are able to conduct their work efficiently and professionally, where it possibly might to prevent accidents that occurred at the work related. In the work environment mishap happening during the everyday operations brings about hopeless scenario. So, when accident happens, it should always reported to the health and safety officer to ensure that instant action could be taken by the organization. Encourage assessment could be led to recognize the factors that reason of accident and so in the future to prevent the accident. A worker additionally earnest to report any near miss accident or injury either supervisor or health and safety officer. This paper helps to identify potential hazards happen in different sector, special focus on manufacturing sector and also address the different occupational accident and diseases lungs, skin and muscular disorder and in the future so that avoid accident and disease for the betterment. [4][5].
This review anticipated that would raise the level of awareness towards wellbeing of health and safety needs at workplace. Furthermore employers or supervisors for most part can recognize what are the causes that play important role accident among their workers and can take the protection measures in controlling them. [6].

Sector
These days, safety culture has turned into the key factor determining the association's wellbeing execution safety performance. Safety culture plays an important role to deciding the organization's success or failure. The role of safety culture also play among the others targeted organization towards outstanding safety performance. In Malaysia, there are different categories of manufacturing industry. There are the different kinds of industry such as textile, petrochemical automotive, plastic, wood based, electronics and many others. As most of accident were occur by the unsafe performances at their workplace, so it's very important that good attitude s should be possessed by individuals in order to exhibit safety behaviors [7][8].
For this situation, safety culture gives direction to the workers to understanding the importance of working environment with safe workplace. Safety culture organization promote belongingness, trust and participation among the worker through their cohesiveness and membership. They remind each other on the significance of safety and encourage communication through teamwork. In additional safety culture offer them for the guidance of safety practices in the organization and also provides the share values and beliefs that assist workers to realize organizational safety. Furthermore to propagate safety information for launching communication networks and safety activities, it emphasizes on broad participation by employees. It keeps up a fundamental concentrate on the interior authoritative safety standard. In an association with wellbeing safety trends, working environment safety has never been traded off with efficiency. Pioneers lead the laborers by showing safety is an incentive to them and to the association. They convince that the working environment is safe for the staff to perform their responsibilities. In this way, workers will have more sureness to do their duties and they can also enhance the productivity. As far as molding individual wellbeing practices, safety culture supports the display of wellbeing consistence and safety interest conduct. It advances wellbeing in the feeling of strengthening and self-belongingness. Table # 1   Among all sectors, Table #2 the number of accidents reported for the manufacturing sector has been the highest throughout the period since increase 26.2% from 1722 in 2012 to 2333 in 2016 . This reflects specialists in the manufacturing area are presented to high accidental dangers. It can be watched that the pattern of accident reports varies from one sector to another sector, reflecting the difference of hazard crosswise over all sectors. There is significant increase in the total number of non-permanent Disability in manufacturing industry reported for all sectors and increase from 1535 in 2012 to 2187 in 2016 with an increment of 42.5%. Also there is a significant increment in the total number permanent Disability in manufacturing industry as compare to other sector.
While the total number of permanent Disability in manufacturing industry reported for all sectors having a decrease from 147 in 2012 to 74 in 2016 with a decrement of 49.7%. But an increment in the total number Death in manufacturing industry has been reported with numbers from 40 in 2012 to 72 in 2016 by 80% increment.  In this way, accident and their results keep on being a noteworthy general for public health concern. Moreover, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 expressed that the self-direction idea was declared in view of the essential duty of ensuring safety, wellbeing and welfare of all people at all work environments. In this way, a presentation of safety culture can be viewed as an orderly arrangement towards the foundation of zero accident in the working environment [14].

Occupational disease
Manufacturing industries in Malaysia give most extreme consumer loyalty ceaselessly experience advancements. These developments in new developing innovation that has prompting greater progression in modern assembling forms with a subsequent increment the field of industrial manufacturing with resulting new growing technology has leading to new type of disease impact on human health [15]. The more up to date sorts of work related diseases, illnesses and injuries are also developing without the labors been realizing that new innovation brings new health issues [16][17].
Depicted occupational health as the progression and safety of the most elevated level of mentally, physical and social prosperity of specialists in all occupations. Manufacturing industries are emphases on the raw materials and that raw material convert into finish product that goods will be fulfil customer satisfaction according to their needs. So diseases occur during the process manufacturing of raw material convert into finish product also generate term as industrial disease. As occupational health and safety focus on two expect Health and safety, health associated free from diseases and safety associated free accident or injury happen during the manufacturing.
Epidemiologic reviews have credited overabundance work related deaths, sicknesses, diseases and injuries due to related manufacturing industry [18].The expanding rate of fatalities because of work related occupational disease and sickness is a reasonable sign that worker are not completely aware of the potential source occupational disease and sickness related with poor health practices in their work related environment [19].Another work related wellbeing estimation for cases with days from work is musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) [20].
Many of the worker working without health care hazard exiting in their work related area [21]. Industries laborers are likewise disregard of the obligations in term of health care because of the carelessness of employer and administration group. This is the poor work related health practices existing in the Malaysia manufacturing industry.
In 2015, a total of 5960 cases of occupational disease and poisoning have been reported to the Occupational Health Division as compared with 2648 cases reported in the year 2014 as Table # 5. This shows an increment of 55.57 % in occupational disease and poisoning. A sum of 4034 cases have been effectively examined for the purpose of carrying out improvements to the workplace in terms of occupational health. An aggregate of 3377 instances of work related diseases that were investigated were of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and the disease is still the most common occupational disease experienced by workers (83.7%) as compared with other diseases. This was trailed by work-related musculoskeletal diseases, i.e. a total of 147 cases (4.4%) and occupational lung diseases, of 91 cases (2.3%) were investigated in 2015 as shown in Table. 6. Diseases caused by physical agents were the least investigated diseases by the Division whereby no cases were investigated in 2015.
[22] [23]  Investigation of work related diseases and poisoning by sector revealed that the manufacturing sector noted that most number of cases of work-related disease and poisoning in 2015, a total of 3487 cases (86.4%). This was followed by the public service sectors, of 147 cases (4.4%) and the agricultural sector, a total of 122 cases (3.0%) As shown in table # 7. The Occupational Health Division also investigated ex-gratia compensation cases for occupational disease confirmation purpose for the government employees and a total of 38 cases have been successfully investigated for the year 2015 as shown in Table #

Conclusion
In conclusion, research on occupational accident in Malaysia is generally lacking and needs to be strengthened. Future research should focus on high-risk industries (manufacturing, construction, agriculture and transportation). Future occupational management systems and the role of a safer design of the environment including equipment and machinery. The effectiveness of OSHA should be evaluated and measures to further implement it should be developed. Comparative research into the effectiveness of occupational safety practices in our country with other developed nations will be helpful. Despite more than 18 years have passed since OSHA was first implemented in Malaysia, there has been no revision done on OSHA. Since Malaysia is a fast growing country since the last three decades, there are certain provisions that may no longer be compatible with current situation. For example, in the manufacturing industries, new machineries with new technologies have been introduced which consequentially requires some of OSHA's provision to be revised.
For government, industry administration and workers an improvement in occupational safety and health is needed. Mishaps at the job environment ought to be kept with the participation from both managers and representatives on top of customary authorization from the legislature. Occupational accidents are avertable and occupational accidents can be omitted through proper safety measures. Compared to disabilities in terms of non-permanent are less likely as compared to permanent disabilities and deaths.
The administration, staffs and DOSH must consolidate strengths and attempt to forestall future occupational accidents by tending to the underlying reason of accidents. To develop a good safety trend at workplace, the rules from government, employer and workers need to combine together.
Malaysia aimed to reduce the occupational accidents, however; the results show by DOSH increase that Occupational Noise Induced Hearing Loss 83.7%, occupational musculoskeletal diseases, 4.4% and occupational lung diseases 2.3%. But the as per the record from DOSH that in last 5-Years, the increment in the fatal accidents by Average 26%, Permanent Disability by Average 71% and Non-Permanent Disability by 64 % are investigated only in Manufacturing Industries. The government must show their high interest on such a vulnerable employees to accomplish the above aim. This step will be helpful for planning to reduce the accidents in workplaces and it will also detect the prevention for the future accidents.