Fuel consumption and emission on fuel mixer low-grade bioethanol fuelled motorcycle

Bioethanol is currently used as an alternative fuel for gasoline substitute (fossil fuel) because it can reduce the dependence on fossil fuel and also emissions produced by fossil fuel which are CO2, HO, NOx. Bioethanol is usually used as a fuel mixed with gasoline with certain comparison. In Indonesia, the usage is still rare. Bioethanol that is commonly used is bioethanol anhydrous 99.5%. In the previous studies, bioethanol was distilled from low to high grade to produce ethanol anhydrous. But the result is only able to reach 95% or ethanol hydrous. This study is objected to design a simple mechanism in the mixing of bioethanol hydrous with the gasoline using a fuel mixer mechanism. By this mechanism, the fuel consumption and the resulting emissions from combustion engine can be analyzed. The fuel blend composition is prepared as E5, E10, and E15/E20, the result of fuel consumption and emission will be compared with pure gasoline. The using of bioethanol hydrous as a fuel mixture was tended to produce more stable bioethanol fuel consumption. However, the utilization of the mixture was found able to reduce the exhaust emissions (CO, HC, and NOx).


Introduction
The requirement of energy is the problem that is faced by all countries in the world, including Indonesia. Energies which are often used dominated by fossil energy, which are: petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Especially for petroleum, it is still a source that dominates energy requirement in most of the countries. Indonesia is one of the countries, which consumes crude oil as a primary fuel. In 2013, the using of fuel oil in Indonesia had achieved almost 46, 1%. By comparing the percentage of other energy need sources, the using of fuel oil is the most profoundly of all, followed by using gas fuel and coal [1].
High fossil fuel requirement relates to the using of the vehicle. In this modern era, the human is easy to obtain any means of transportation, in this case, is motor vehicles where human highly counts on them. This issue has become the main factor of the highest utilization of fossil fuel, especially in Indonesia. Jakarta is one of the cities in Indonesia, which has the highest motor vehicles growth number. We are able to see the condition from the increasing number of motor vehicles in Jakarta. In 2014, the utilization of motor vehicles reached at 17.423.967 in Jakarta. Its growth is 9, 93% per year [2]. It signifies the dependence on fossil fuel getting higher. The lack of fossil energy source, namely petroleum, and the requirement of fuel vehicles keeps increasing; consequently, it causes renewable energy development which is non-fossil energy to be severely required.
One of the alternative solutions is biomass energy whether it is in pure form or mixed with fossil fuel. It is one attempt to reduce the very high fossil fuel consumption.
One of biomass utilization technology results which can be used as an alternative fuel or as a mixture of gasoline on motor vehicles is anhydrous bioethanol, it's preferred because of its less water content, moreover, it is able to be mixed homogeneously with gasoline. Either bioethanol anhydrous or bioethanol hydrous can be mixed. The problem is the low percentage of bioethanol hydrous and less water content, however, it is not able to be directly mixed with gasoline because of its water content causes the non-homogeneous mixture. Thus, bioethanol hydrous usually has water content about 4, 9% -5%, where gasoline water content in maximum is about 7, 4%.
Based on previous research, it discussed about a mixing mechanism between bioethanol anhydrous and gasoline by using mechanism fuel mixer into the combustion chamber through the opening valve. The problem of using bioethanol hydrous as fuel is its low exploitation. Besides, its influence on the machine performance has not been shown widely. Hence, the researcher of this advanced research is focussing the investigation on finding out the performance of fuel consumption in the dynamic loaded motor by using mixing gasoline mechanism with 96% bioethanol hydrous using fuel mixer. This research has been conducted for finding out the machine performance of fuel consumption in a dynamic condition from a loaded motor vehicle and mixed fuel between gasoline and bioethanol by controlled ratio. The pipe used is a 43.7 cm long, the m conducted when the current has been fully concerns that flow rate profile is easier to more accurate when it is measured aft developed. Conducting measurement mechanism will also be minimized any err at real speed value [3]. To detect w exhaustion is fully developed is by its appr Reynold number of the fluid that flows. I which has a density equal to 1.2 kg/m 3 equal to 0.000018kg/m.s. Reynold num ρVD/μ = 20266. The flow is turbulence so the length of it has to be in fully developed the formula [le= Dx4.4(Re) 1/6 )] and the v 0.437 m = 43.7 cm. The distance of pipe w used to measure the flow rate.
Then preliminary assumption for ca that will be used for calculation is as follow -Assumption V in = V (to gasoline carbu = V b (gasoline vapor) -Assumption gasoline vapor debit rate Q = A x V in = 0.00467 m 3 /s Then, to get a comparison betwee volume equal to 5%, 10% and 15% fr volume mixture of bioethanol and gas precise bioethanol vapor flow rate data.
Taking calibration data is conducted b source from hairdryer then attends to spe pressure drop in every valve-opening 0 o u can refer to that appropriate speed to get between bioethanol hydrous E5, E10, a valve-opening 180 o , 240 o , and 310 o . Her opening becomes the controller when ta testing data.

Fuel mixer installation
In this study, the installation of fuel mixer the condition of the machine were condu the machine runs properly or had trouble avoid the disorderly when data retrieval to mixer is able to be seen as the figure below Fuel mixer was mounted with two carb right and the left side. Both of them had t deliver the fuel to the combustion chambe both of carburetors could be delivered and the combustion chamber. Fuel was sepa valve of gasoline and bioethanol.

Fuel consumption
On the durability test was obtained the consumption using fuel mixture mechanism between bioethanol and gasoline. This test SNI 09-4401-1997 with constant speed (tolerance 5 km/hour) on 4 fuel co bioethanol hydrous, 10% bioethanol hydr bioethanol hydrous, and using pure gaso result is shown in the table below: As seen on Table 1, the fuel con each sort of test fuel was presented. shown in Fig 2., the fuel consumption is definitely lower than anothe consumption of E15 equals to 0,95 graph, the consumption of pure fue than fuel consumption value of m bioethanol and gasoline. It can requirement of bioethanol in mixtur fuel consumption or more economic gasoline. It is occurred because bi heating value than gasoline; therefor thermal efficiency. The increase in th commonly due to higher flame spe bioethanol. Consequently, the h bioethanol in the mixture the more operation will be occurred. The incr was in contrast to fuel consumption it could be said more economical.
The stability test results in consumption using fuel mixer mec fuel between bioethanol and gasol conducted based on SNI 06-3763-19 of 300 m and 500 m at a constant sp (tolerance 5 km/hour) at 4 fuel co 5% bioethanol hydrous, 10% bioeth bioethanol hydrous, and pure gasol are mentioned in figures below: ulation from above f fuel consumption, s shown in the graph E15 ption nsumption value for Based on the graph n value for fuel E15 er fuel. The fuel 5 L/hour. From that el was found higher mixed fuel between be explained that re fuel causes lower cal than using pure oethanol has lower re, it may increased hermal efficiency is eed of the fuel than higher content of efficient in engine reasing of efficiency value; furthermore, the form of fuel chanism to mixture line. This test was 995 with the distance peed of 30 km/hour onditions, which are hanol hydrous, 15% line. Testing results From the results of the test, fuel consu became greater by using bioethanol hydr mixture than pure fuel gasoline. The consumption is effected by the wate bioethanol hydrous. Therefore, more fuel complete combustion. In E15, it is noted th content is more than enough to assist wate in the combustion chamber and also becaus is higher by high bioethanol, thus, unburde less than other fuel mixture variations.
From the three of fuel mixtures, E15 is with more stable fuel consumption. It is pr from the ratio of fuel consumption in each interval variation for bioethanol fuel blends

Emission
The higher content of CO in the exha combustion shows an incomplete combust 8, it is shown that there are large con (between 2.5% -3%) when the system use fuel without bioethanol mixture. It shows th fuel mixture is lower compared to fuel mixed with bioethanol. It can be seen t addition volume of bioethanol, the lower c generated. The lowest CO content is in th bioethanol about 20% that could lower CO until 0.1% at 5.000 rpm. This is because th -OH molecule that helps to boost the occu perfect combustion reactions. The more f oxygen could trigger the process of oxidati can be turned into CO 2 .  The levels of CO and CO 2 is fo declined levels of CO in exhaust emi the level of CO 2 . CO 2 is the combust components. In other words, the C more desired from any combustio rather than CO. The higher level of C an indicator of a perfect combustio oxygen molecule -OH in ethanol wil of CO so that it will generate more shown in Fig. 7. More ethanol in fuel mixture was an increased in the CO 2 products in increased in engine speed as well.
When gasoline vapor is heated a oxidation will promoted to occured, incomplete combustion. This unb produced from combustion cha hydrocarbon (HC) gasses. Fig. 8. HC vs engine speed found very close. A issions will increase ion reaction product CO 2 is a gas that is on reaction product CO 2 in the system is on. It is due to the ll join in the exhaust e CO 2 emissions, as s clearly performing n exhaust gas as the at high temperature, the consequence is burned gasoline is mber as unburnt In Fig. 8, it is shown that the addition give insignificant changes in the HC exha A variations in engine speed fuelled with performing the uncertain trend in HC emi the usage of E0 caused an increase in HC e the increase of engine speed. The effect of engine speed variati emission was shown in Fig 9. In general, t ethanol in fuel was extremely performing emissions. It was found reduced to 42% co effect in using of gasoline as fuel. This is has a higher heating value than gasoline. T used to evaporate the ethanol for a bette process, As the consequences, the temperature will be lower and so the forme exhaust gas will be reduced.

Conclusion
Based on the data from the testing resu bioethanol contents in fuel mixture w accordingly, the lower fuel consumption mixture. The using of bioethanol hydro mixture produces more stable fuel compared to pure gasoline. The addition in general, is also able to decrease the exha (CO, HC, and NOx). From the test in th increase in CO 2 content in the exhaust gas as the occurrence of a complete combust levels were relatively increased by the incr speed in each of fuel mixtures.