Scaffoldings for nonstandard facades

This article dedicated to structure of scaffoldings on facades with difficult shapes, which sometimes makes impossible for using usual facade equipment. Exactly, in this article, will be learnt angled facades. Considered experience of solutions in such works and suggested new variants of scaffoldings for sloping facades. Reviewed safety questions on the facades. Were given definitions of efficiency and laboriousness for that facade system, and enumerated factors influencing on them. The article is actual for today, because there is not any normative documents in construction sphere for buildings with irregular shapes.


Introduction
Nowadays facades can have almost any shape and restricted only by architecture's mind. Often it challenges builders. Because it is not an easy job to transfer facade workers in a high levels of modern buildings. For example, it is impossible to use ordinary falseworks on sloping facades. Therefore, it need to be resolved. Below was given few pictures of buildings, situated in Moscow, with sloping facades and variants of using scaffoldings.   where 1nodes for fixing with the wall, 2basements of scaffoldings, which can be rotated and fixed in different angles, adopting to sloping facades, 3scaffoldings columns, which can change length, also adopting to different angles.

Safety on the scaffoldings
Speaking about safety, constructors will be in more dangerous situation than in the scaffoldings for strict vertical facades. Therefore, safety belts and other fixing equipment should be improved and adopt to those systems. In addition, it is important to install safety nets, for example, on each three levels, in case of falling people and subjects from working horizons.

Factors influencing on feasibility
Efficiency application of such scaffoldings is restricted by the height. Laboriousness is changing due to angle and height of facades (1): where ‫ݍ‬basic laboriousness, ‫ݍ∆‬ = ݂(  (table  1). Note for table 1: "n" is determine as a number of broken facade's planes to unit of length of building on perimeter. S 1square of protruded elements and windows, S 2square of exterior walls.
The ledge, such as balcony also influence on laboriousness. And present as a coefficients on formula. One of the most important things is feasibility of such systems. Below is given diagram, which shows range of factors, influencing on feasibility ( fig. 8).
[1] In depending on power of influence of certain factors, can change organizational and technological parameters of works. Detailed analysis is necessary for making reasonable decisions. Because unreasonable choice of organizational and technological parameters of works can lead to significant increase of cost, increase of duration and decrease of quality of works. According to diagram on fig. 8 the highest influencing coefficients has following factors: geometrical characteristics of building, financial support of construction, organizational parameters of works. To geometrical characteristics of building, influencing on technical and economical parameters related: 1. The height of building; 2. Complexity of facade, including presence of protruded elements, nonlinearity of facade. Existing normative documents suggest work on facades from scaffoldings on height until 10 meters. Over 10 meters to labor input should be used next coefficients in depending on height: until 30 m -1, 2; until 50 -1,35; until 60 -1,4; over 60 -1,5. According to graph on fig. 9  Identification of rational area of organizational parameters concludes in reasonable choice of scaffolding, choice a number of workers and rational splitting to divisions. And also is essential to count indirect factors, which also can impact on organizational and technological parameters of works. They are cramped on construction side and climate conditions of region of construction. 3. In this article were given drawings of new achievable and helpful scaffoldings, which allows working on sloping facades.