Intensification of the investment process of construction

The article provides negative trends of braking development of the investment process of creating buildings and structures and describes the dynamic system of the investment process and its components given the basis of domestic and foreign experience. It also categorizes the factors influencing the duration of the investment process, which are presented as procedural, engineering design and manufacturing. The article discloses the accounting procedures of these factors by measuring their information content with access to the formation of a rational structure of the investment process.


Introduction
Improving the efficiency of the investment process and reducing of its duration is one of the main tasks at the present stage.In recent years, Russia adopted indigenous measures for the restructuring of the whole process of design and construction at the expense of wide introduction of scientific and technical progress, resource conservation, maximizing the use of intensive factors of growth rates of construction [1,6].
But there are negative trends of braking the emerging positive phenomena − the absence of target orientation to shorten the duration of the investment process, the separation of the functions of activities of the participants of creating the object, weak convergence of the stages and elements of the investment process, the irrational decision making.The ineffectiveness of the applied in certain cases schemes of erection of enterprises, buildings and constructions manifests itself in the face of the principles of full cost accounting and selffinancing [2,3,4].For example, system analysis of construction of enterprises buildings and constructions held in eleven branches of industrial construction (electric power engineering, metallurgy, oil refining and petrochemical industry, chemical industry, mechanical engineering, etc.) indicates that about 65.6% from 100% of all failures in the construction were because of the imperfection of the planning, design, logistics and financing of construction works, and 29.8 % were because of poor organizational and technological solutions.
Russian and foreign experience, progressive approaches and solutions of reduction of the length of the investment process proposed by a number of construction, design and research organizations have shown the reality of shortening of the speed of creating objects in 1.5-1.6 times due to intensive factors, which do not require any additional resources [5,6,7,9].

Methods
The investment process of objects creation should be seen as a complex dynamic system, consisting of four main functional subsystems -feasibility study, design, preparation of an object for construction process and construction itself, which are in the certain relations and connections with each other.
Each of the subsystems in turn consists of a set of elements (as indivisible parts of subsystems), with both the internal relationships between elements, subsystems and external links with elements from other subsystems.
Existing in the system of the investment process the flexible relationships between elements and subsystems are subdivided into recursive synergies, and cyclic.
Recursive relationships are irreversible in the system, they install the specific reason of a lengthening of the timing of the investment process (according to the functions of the participants creating the objects of construction) and the resulting consequences.
The synergistic relationships characterize the strengthening of the data flow in this element and, therefore, such an element is treated as a multifunctional.
Cyclic relationships describe periods of enabling the participants object creation into the investment process.
The ideology form of the structure of the investment process of an object creation is outlined in Figure 1.

Main part
Development of the system of the object creating is determined by the combination of sustained actions made in order to achieve the quantified results − solution development, coordination and approval of documents, construction of buildings and structures, etc.Such actions on the basis of their specific products are divided into three types of processes: 1. Procedural processes characterizing features of the object creation order and forming on this basis the relationship between the parties; The driving force of a quantitative manifestation of the processes is the set of factors that determine the nature of the changes in the system or its separate subsystems.Some factors directly or indirectly reduce the length of the investment process, while others extend it.A number of factors is acting throughout the whole stage, and a number of others run only in a very short period of time.At the same time the properties of the factors are also various − deterministic and stochastic [8,10,11].
Therefore, in order to effectively manage the entire coherent system of creation of the objects of construction it is needed to identify almost all the major influencing factors.Moreover, it should also be borne in mind the fact that in some circumstances, there may have been a negative impact, and in other conditions − a positive influence.In order to take account of the totality of the factors influencing on the duration of the investment process, there was developed their classification (Table 1), including five classifications.In the process of grouping factors there were identified more than 50 of them, extending both the length of separate phases and the investment process as a whole (Table 2).
Table 1.Classification of the factor changes for the duration of the investment process.The process of forming a rational structure, providing in outlet a sharp reduction in the duration of creation of the objects of construction represents a connection of united into some coherent whole optimized elements, including their integration, summation, and recombining, and is held in the three procedures.

Classification
The first procedure involves selecting elements of the new structure, based on the experience of design and construction of facilities and expert evaluations.
Generalization of experience in the design and construction using high-speed methods shows that the decisive factor to reduce their terms of creation were -parallel implementation of the design and construction, type-ahead start of the launch complexes, the introduction of innovative solutions of construction organization, continuous financing of the construction on the basis of contractual prices, concentration human and material resources with the use of a rotational form of work organization and collective contract [12,13,14].
The second procedure is to establish linkages between the elements of the new structure, based on assessments of information messages.
At the beginning of the procedure a topology of relationships is generated (recursive, synergistic, circular) between elements of the structure throughout the investment process.
As a measure of the information content there is used an informational message (IM)table, chart, list, clearly formulated position etc.The main provisions of the pragmatic approach include: 1. Mandatory exclusion of duplicated and derived information; 2. Consideration of im as a complete unit (without any initial data, techniques of receipt); 3. Ability to change the im in the elements, regardless of the existing regulations; 4. Evaluation of textual materials on a qualitative level only.
The third procedure directly generates efficient structure of the investment process, based on the results of the analysis of the information content of elements.
The evaluation of information flows for more than 50 objects resulted in a rational structure of the investment process through validation and development of the rational priority in construction and its duration, timing of working documentation development, composition and timing of preparatory and basic works, requirements in labour and technical resources, etc.
The resulting calculation formulas for determining the timing of the initial and final stages of the investment process for the average facility are summarized in Table 3.The final formula to calculate the overall length of the investment process for the average object of construction is expressed as follows: Where ܶthe duration of the investment process of creation of an object of construction; This model is fairly compact and allows to fully or partly exclude the influence of the most part of factors which can negatively influence on the duration of the investment process (Table 4).

Conclusion
For the effective management of the system of creation of the object of construction, it is required to take into account all the influencing factors both extending and reducing the duration of the investment process.
The analysis shows that such a combination of factors represents more than 50 factors, classified by various characteristics of their influence.
The process of accounting of the influencing factors involves three procedures, the end result of which is the rational structure of the investment process.
As an example, there is shown a model for determining the length of the investment process for an average object of construction specifying a number of decisions mentioned in the text.This model demonstrates the possibility of statistical accounting of various factors and building the investment process for the uniform objects both of productive and non-productive function.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Ideology form of the structure of the investment process of creating an object of construction.
Production processes, providing the preparatory and main construction works.

Table 2 .
Groups of factors, prolonging the duration of the investment process, in accordance with "the belonging to a constituent process".

Table 3 .
Calculation formulas for determining the timing of the initial and final stages of the investment process.
coefficient of the combination of a construction stage with other stages ‫ݑ(‬ ସ ≈ 0.79).

Table 4 .
Composition factors, the influence of which is completely or partially excluded because of the implementation of the concept of express creation of the objects of construction.