Research on Failure Modes and Key Parameters of Corrugated Steel Shear Walls

. The corrugated steel plate shear wall is an effective and economical lateral load resisting system. And the thin steel plate is easy to buckle. And it is necessary to use much more thickness or ribs to prevent the buckle at out of plane direction, which is not economical or complicated to construct. A number of corrugated shear walls are analyzed by nonlinear static pushover analysis method. And failure modes, buckling, the ultimate capacity, and shear force-drift curves are studied. The results showed that the corrugated steel plate can be designed according to the failure modes, in order to have a desirable failure mode that the corrugated steel plate yield before buckling.


Introduction
Experimental and numerical studies conducted in the past three decades have demonstrated that a steel plate shear wall is an effective and economical lateral load resisting system against both wind and earthquake forces. It is easy for the flat steel plate to buckle out of plane buckling, and bearing capacity reduce with the increase of out of the plane the deformation. More thickness is guaranteed to reach the design strength, so it is not economic to be applied in the tall building structures. And in the process of buckling, large sound occurs. In order to prevent the loss of strength due to buckling, steel plate with robbers perfectly solve the problems of out of plane buckling, with high strength. However, the steel plate shear walls provide much more process and difficulties in the construction.
There is waves in the corrugated steel shear walls. It is the special stricture that increase the height of the cross section, then increase the inertia moment of the cross section. The special steel structure not only effectively restrict the out of plane structure buckling and the large sounds of in the process of buckling, but also are more convenient to construct. So the corrugated steel shear walls have potential that become economical alternatives of lateral load resisting systems, especially in the high rise building structure, with both the advantages of the flat steel plate and the steel plate with ribs.
At present, the researches mainly focus on the post buckling performance of corrugated steel shear walls [1]- [2] , which are used in multi-storied buildings and bridge structures. In order to make full use of the buckling of corrugated plate, the domestic and foreign scholars have carried out extensive research on the buckling behavior of corrugated steel plate. The initial research was initiated by Easley and McFarland. Since then, Elgaaly, El-Metwally in USA, Abbas and Sayed-Ahmed in Canada have done a lot of theoretical and experimental studies on the buckling characteristics and strength of deformed steel webs. At present, there are few researches on the application of the corrugated steel plate in the high-rise building, and lack of the corresponding experimental data. In view of the excellent performance of corrugated steel, it is necessary to study the performance of corrugated steel plate shear wall in high-rise buildings [3]- [4] . The numerical analysis were performed on one story and one span of 3300 mm width and 2500 mm height. The section sizes of the boundary element columns and beams are HW300×300×10×15 and HW350×350×12×19 respectively. The infill plate in this wall was trapezoidal corrugated plate, rigidly connected to the frame. And the corrugated plates shows in fig.1. structure was supported by fixations on the bottom of the column, giving simple support in the out-of-the plane direction for the prevention of out-of-plane displacement all around the frame. In these models, an elastic-plastic material modal was multilinear kinematic hardening modal, assumed with a yield strength value of 360 MPa corresponding to a strain value of 0.18%, a ultimate strength value of 530 MPa, corresponding to a strain value of 4.46%, a necking value of 416 MPa corresponding to a strain value of 7.34%, a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa, and a poison ratio of 0.3. Additionally, geometric nonlinearity was used because of the large displacement.  According to the results shown in table.1 for corrugated plates with seven different thickness we can know that it is the thickness that plays a key role in the failure modes of the corrugated shear walls. The failure modes change from buckling in corrugated plate's modes, strength failure in the column mode to strength failure in the column with the increase of the thickness of corrugated walls. The ultimate bearing capacity and critical buckling stress increase with the thickness of walls.

Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Steel shear Wall
When the wall thickness is small, the failure modes are wall buckle, and the maximum stress of the wall occurs near the corner of the frame, shown in fig.4.With the increase of the thickness, the frames are in elasticity all the time. And the-out-of plane deformation is gradually reduced. When the thickness increase to a certain degree, the corrugated steel wall do not buckle. And the stress exceed the yield strength of the corrugated plates. And the maximum stress of the wall occurs near the corner of the frame, shown in fig.5. When the thickness continues to increase, the corrugated walls in the yield stage do not buckle any more. However, the flange or the web of frame begin to occur wave deformation, that is to say, the frame buckle, shown in fig.6. The above results verify that the corrugated shear steel walls can yield before buckling when the thickness reach a certain value.

The Corrugation thickness Effect of Infill Corrugated Plates
In this part, the effect of some geometric properties in the corrugated steel shear walls were investigated, such as the thickness of corrugated plate, depth, wave height of plate, and length of wave. The results of these parameters show in detail.

The Corrugation Length Effect of Infill Corrugated Plates
The corrugation depth is one of the parameters that increased the lateral stiffness of the corrugated steel plates. In this part, to study the effect of corrugation depth on corrugated plates, five specimens with different corrugation length of 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, and 5000 mm are used. The geometric characteristics of these plates are shown in table 3.  The results of these specimens under in plane loading are shown in figs.9 and fig.10. These results demonstrate that with an increase in corrugation length, the ultimate bearing, increased significantly before the thickness of 3000 mm, and when the ultimate bearing capacity decrease largely when the thickness exceed over 3000 mm. The stiffness of the walls increase with the increase of thickness of steel plate wall. According to this figure, the stiffness increase with the increase with thickness of corrugated steel plate walls, while the trend of ductility of shear walls is opposite shown in fig.10.

The Corrugation Height Effect of Infill Corrugated Plates
In this part, four specimens of specimens of corrugated plate were used for studying corrugation length effect. The geometric characteristics of these plates are shown in table, where H is the corrugation height of plates and table 4 show geometrical dimensions of corrugated plates with different corrugation length (mm).

Summary
In this paper, an investigation into the failure modes and geometric characteristics of corrugated one-story steel shear wall when subject to uniform lateral load was carried out. The following results were obtained: 1. Within the increase thickness of corrugated plate thickness in steel shear walls, the corrugated steel shear walls have three different failure modes, buckling in corrugated plate, strength failure in the column and strength failure in the column. The ultimate bearing and critical buckling stress increase with the increase with corrugated plates.
2. The corrugated shear steel walls can yield before buckling when the thickness reach a certain value.
3. The other parameter investigated in this paper was the corrugated length. The corrugated depth has greater effects on stiffness, ultimate bearing. 4. The study of corrugation height in the corrugated plates showed that the ultimate bearing do not change with increases in the corrugation height, But the ductility of the wall changed considerably.