A Review on Waste Minimization by Adopting in Self Compacting Concrete

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was first developed in late 80’s in Japan. SCC is well known for its self-consolidation and able to occupy spaces in the formwork without vibration and become new interesting topic in Construction and Building Materials Research. The aim of this review is to summaries the previous research work related to utilization of waste minimization in SCC from 2009 to 2015 through available literature. It is important to expose new researchers on concept and fundamental theory developed by previous researchers as a reference and guidance in their research. There were a lot of opportunity to be explored in developing SCC especially in utilizing waste material as replacement materials or additives used and mix design method for rheological improvement in SCC. However, these review only focusing on waste materials that have significant to be taken care to reduce environmental impact such as waste product from construction industry and by product industry. As conclusion, this paper will provide significant idea and useful information to those new to SCC and fellow researchers for future studies in utilizing waste materials in SCC mix design.


Introduction
Developing Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) was started in late '80s in Japan.It was introduce by Okamura Hajime [1][2] due to shortage of manpower on site and resolve environmental issue such as noise reduction.This concrete technology has received demand from construction industry in Japan to construct bridges, buildings and repair works on site.
In definition, SCC is the technology of concrete that makes use of concrete to flow and fill the gap between reinforcement and fill the void inside the formwork at every corner by it is own weight without vibration process [3][4].The development of SCC for construction industry in Japan has proved benefit in several factors such as reduce construction duration, required less manpower on site, provide good surface finishes, easier in placing handling, provided freedom idea in structural design, suitable for thinner concrete sections, reduced noise levels and safer working environment [3,5].
However, the development of SCC still under continues research.This was confirmed by the summary of literature review from published journal since 2009 to 2015 as shown in Table 1.Some of researcher's study on utilizing additive materials, chemical additive, waste materials, light weight aggregate, sand replacement and potential pozzolana materials to improve rheological and hardened properties.However, these summaries only focus on waste materials used in previous research from a Corresponding author : shahiron@uthm.edu.myTurkey, Greece, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Iran, China, Indonesia, Brazil, Taiwan, Italy, Tunisia and Germany.Hopefully this information can provide an idea for new researcher to explore on SCC by utilizing waste materials that available from construction industry and also from by product industry.The performance of waste materials in SCC is based on fresh state [3,[6][7][8][9][10] and hardened state.this method still cannot fully meet requirement for effective cost, sustainability, widely applicable due to variable of alternative raw material used and technical requirement while in fresh and hardened state of SCC [44].

Literature from Previous Researches
From Table 1, it was confirmed that researchers keep on looking on developing mix design method for SCC.For example, it was found that, 3 new methods have been identified such as Monogram Method [11], Absolute Volume Method [41] and "Concrete LabPro2" software [42].However, those 3 researchers are using difference types of material in their mix design.They have used MP as filler material [11], RHA, SF, FA, LS powder as mineral admixtures for cementations efficiency [41] and marble and tile waste as filler material [42].Therefore, the of each materials to performance with difference mix design method should be open to evaluate as far as the performance in fresh state are well check with the recommendation by [3,[6][7][8][9][10].

Materials
From Table 1, the most common addition materials are FA, SF, GBFS and LS [3,45].While currently researchers have looking forward to make used of recycled material such as Quarry Dust (QD), Dolomite Powder (DP), Limestone (LS), Rubble Powder (RP), Recycled Aggregate, Marble Powder (MP), Cement Klin Dust (CKD), Roof Tiles, Rise Husk Ash (RHA), Alumina Waste (AW), Recycled Plastic Particles (RPP), Marble Waste (MW), Tile Waste (TW), Metakaolin (MK), Basalt Powder (BP) and Palm Oil Clinker (POC).All these additions are used as replacement material or substitution materials either for cement, fine aggregate or filler materials.Some of this material influence SCC performance in positive effect and some of the materials reflect on negative result either for fresh state or hardened state.Majority of researcher having consistent result in their studies such as FA suitable for cement replacement and fine materials will effect amount of SP required, w/b ratio and w/c ratio.However, uncontrolled amount or proportion of replacement material will reduce the compressive strength, tensile strength, MOE and rheology of the SCC.Therefore the performance of fresh state are compulsory to be checked according to the recommendation by [3,[6][7][8][9][10].
Based on Table 1, it shown that utilizing waste material in SCC have getting attention among researchers.Some of potential waste materials either from construction industry or from by product industry and there are commonly available in every country in all over the world.Those waste materials are abundant and causes environmental pollution such as roof tile [22], recycle aggregate [24,33,36], waste marble [11,17,36,42], RHA [25,35,38,41] and recycled plastic particle [40].The performances of utilizing those materials are subjective to the purposed of the study and should be explored and established from time to time for the benefit of all parties.A mechanism to utilize all those potential recycled waste materials should be integrated between all parties either from industry or local authorities.This is important to create a better future to our young generation in order to live in sustainable environment.
As conclusion, no doubt, SCC is a potential concrete technology to be developed by utilizing potential alternative materials or waste materials in all over the world.Utilizing of recycled materials and by product materials should be looking forward as an advantage for new researchers especially in Malaysia.It is not only generate or contribute to new knowledge but it is also helping us to save our environment from destructing due to current generated industrial waste in all over the world.
From this summary review, it was found that the development of SCC could be explored by using difference types of waste materials especially using by product waste from industry to reduce environmental issues.Indirectly, this effort will provide better solution in concrete technology and create better benefit in future economic value to the industries and local community.Sustainable values on developing future concrete industry should be expended through quality research among industry and collaborate with higher institutions to create situation to all parties.Beside that, integration with local authorities laws and regulations will generate better opportunity to industries and researchers to collaborate on waste minimization and utilization.Therefore utilizing of waste materials in developing sustainable SCC should be supported, explored and expended through focus researches.Development of SCC should be verified through performance on fresh state and hardened state to understand the behaviour of each material either in short term or long term effect.

DOI: 10
.1051/ C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences This review based on information gathered from available literature journal papers since 2009 till 2015.Table1(a) and (b) have shown the previous research focusing on waste materials in development of sustainable SCC for benefit of economy and environmental issues.It was clearly shown that utilizing waste materials in SCC have significant contribution to environmental solution and indirectly help to contribute in generating economic value to some other industries.

Table 1 (
a). Summary of previous study base on waste materials used in SCC.

Table 1 (
[2,44]mmary of previous study base on waste materials used in SCC.SCC has been introduced in Japan since 1986 by Okamura using Empirical Design Method[2,44].Through summary review from Table1, it was shown that development of mix design method has been improvised from time to time by researchers around the world.In 2015, Caijun have summarized a review on mix design method for SCC.Base on his reviewed, mix design method can be classified in five categories which are Empirical Design Method, Compressive Strength Method, Close Aggregate Packing Method, Statistical Factorial Method and Rheology of Paste Model.However, all